Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

(ira etc)

Толкование Перевод

1 ira

f.

1 anger, rage.

2 Ira.

3 ARF.

* * *

ira

► nombre femenino

1 wrath, rage

* * *

noun f.

wrath

* * *

SF [de persona] anger, rage; [de elementos] fury, violence

ha provocado la ira de los críticos — he has incurred the wrath of the critics

las uvas de la ira — the grapes of wrath

* * *
['ira]
masculino IRA

el IRA provisional — the Provisional IRA

* * *

= wrath, spleen, bile, rage.

Ex. There is an element of scepticism about scholarly writing in the field of librarianship, and an element of fear of the wrath of those at the head of the profession.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Shamans, software, and spleens: law and the construction of the information society'.

Ex. It would merely give him the opportunity to pour out his bile.

Ex. Librarians would find their jobs a lot easier if they were relieved of the responsibility of being all things to all people, and should encouraged to accept their own human fallibility and express their rage, frustration, and fears.

----

* arrebato de ira = angry outburst.

* con ira = angrily.

* desahogar + Posesivo + ira = vent + Posesivo + spleen (on), vent + Posesivo + rage.

* mirar con ira = glower, scowl (at).

* provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.

* * *
['ira]
masculino IRA

el IRA provisional — the Provisional IRA

* * *

= wrath, spleen, bile, rage.

Ex: There is an element of scepticism about scholarly writing in the field of librarianship, and an element of fear of the wrath of those at the head of the profession.

Ex: The article is entitled 'Shamans, software, and spleens: law and the construction of the information society'.

Ex: It would merely give him the opportunity to pour out his bile.

Ex: Librarians would find their jobs a lot easier if they were relieved of the responsibility of being all things to all people, and should encouraged to accept their own human fallibility and express their rage, frustration, and fears.

* arrebato de ira = angry outburst.

* con ira = angrily.

* desahogar + Posesivo + ira = vent + Posesivo + spleen (on), vent + Posesivo + rage.

* mirar con ira = glower, scowl (at).

* provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.

* * *

IRA

/ˈira/

masculine

IRA

el IRA provisional the Provisional IRA

* * *

Del verbo ir: ( conjugate ir)

irá es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) futuro indicativo

Multiple Entries:
IRA
ir
ira
ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
1
a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;

◊ ira en taxi to go by taxi;

iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
ira por mar to go by sea;
¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
el ira y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
vamos a casa let's go home;
¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
ira de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
ira por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread
b) ( asistir) to go to;

◊ voy a clases nocturnas I go to evening classes;

ya va al colegio she's already at school
2 ( expresando propósito) ira a + inf:
◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;

ve a ayudarla go and help her;
ver tb ira v aux 1
3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;

tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
4 [ comentario]:
◊ no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly;

eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):
◊ iban cantando por el camino they sang as they went along;

¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):
◊ iban de largo they wore long dresses;

voy a ira de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
iba de verde she was dressed in green
3 ( en calidad de) ira de algo to go (along) as sth;
◊ yo fui de intérprete I went along as interpreter

1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) ira a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
2 (extenderse, abarcar):
◊ la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia;

el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;

va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
2 ( en competiciones):
◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;

voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;

¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
4 ( estar en camino):
◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;

va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
5 (sumar, hacer):
◊ ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you;

con este van seis six, counting this one
6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;

¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
2
a) ( combinar) ira con algo to go with sth

b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you;

te iraá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irale a algo/algn to support sth/sb;
◊ le va al equipo peruano he supports the Peruvian team

1
◊ vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;

¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
c) (al aclarar, resumir):

◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
2
◊ vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;

¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!

ira v aux ira a + inf:
1
a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;

◊ voy a estudiar medicina I'm going to study medicine;

va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;

bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):
◊ que no se te vaya a caer make sure you don't drop it;

cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):
◊ poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little;

ya puedes ira haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse verbo pronominal
1 ( marcharse) to leave;
◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;

vámonos let's go;
bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
no te vayas don't go;
vete a la cama go to bed;
se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
vete de aquí get out of here;
se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
2 (consumirse, gastarse):
◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;
◊ se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
◊ irase de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;

me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
ira sustantivo femenino
rage, anger
ir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
van a misa, they go to church
3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
12 (vestir) to wear
ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
(tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
(ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
(haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
(encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
II verbo auxiliar
1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
ir caminando, to go on foot
2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
va a esquiar, she goes skiing
va a nevar, it's going to snow
vas a caerte, you'll fall
♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
¡ahí va!, catch!
en lo que va de año, so far this year
¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
¡vaya!, fancy that
¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
ir a parar, to end up
ira sustantivo femenino wrath, rage, anger
' ira' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acceso
- atizar
- dejarse
- desahogarse
- descargar
- enrojecer
- ir
- primera
- primero
- provocar
- rabia
- roja
- rojo
- ya
- aplacar
- chispeante
- ciego
- desahogar
- enceguecer
- incontrolado
- nubosidad
English:
anger
- beyond
- blaze
- fit
- glower
- IRA
- ire
- wrath
- angrily
- fury
- surge
- vent

* * *

IRA ['ira] nm (abrev de Irish Republican Army)

IRA

Comp
el IRA Provisional the Provisional IRA
* * *

ira

f anger

* * *

ira nf

cólera, furia: wrath, anger

* * *

ira n rage

Spanish-English dictionary > ira
2 IRA

Del verbo ir: ( conjugate ir) \ \
irá es: \ \
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) futuro indicativo
Multiple Entries: IRA ir ira
ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo 1
a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;

◊ ira en taxi to go by taxi;
iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot; ira por mar to go by sea; ¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!; el ira y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests; vamos a casa let's go home; ¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?; ira de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting; ya vamos para allá we're on our way; ¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?; ira por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb; voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread
b) ( asistir) to go to;

◊ voy a clases nocturnas I go to evening classes;
ya va al colegio she's already at school 2 ( expresando propósito) ira a + inf:
◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;
ve a ayudarla go and help her; ver tb ira v aux 1 3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;
tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come! 4 [ comentario]:
◊ no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly;
eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you 1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):
◊ iban cantando por el camino they sang as they went along;
¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?; íbamos sentados we were sitting down; vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry; yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead 2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):
◊ iban de largo they wore long dresses;
voy a ira de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde she was dressed in green 3 ( en calidad de) ira de algo to go (along) as sth;
◊ yo fui de intérprete I went along as interpreter
1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) ira a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth 2 (extenderse, abarcar):
◊ la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia;
el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to … 1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;
va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse; ¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq); ¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?; me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam; ¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!; ¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam 2 ( en competiciones):
◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;
voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning 3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;
¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20? 4 ( estar en camino):
◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;
va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty; ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since … 5 (sumar, hacer):
◊ ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you;
con este van seis six, counting this one 6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month 1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;
¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!; ¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!; vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way! 2
a) ( combinar) ira con algo to go with sth

b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you;
te iraá bien un descanso a rest will do you good 3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irale a algo/algn to support sth/sb;
◊ le va al equipo peruano he supports the Peruvian team
1
◊ vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;
¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
c) (al aclarar, resumir):

◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;
vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy; es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway 2
◊ vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;
¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!
ira v aux ira a + inf: 1
a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;

◊ voy a estudiar medicina I'm going to study medicine;
va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;
bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work 2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):
◊ que no se te vaya a caer make sure you don't drop it;
cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq); lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains 3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):
◊ poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little;
ya puedes ira haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse irse verbo pronominal 1 ( marcharse) to leave;
◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;
vámonos let's go; bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off; no te vayas don't go; vete a la cama go to bed; se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company; vete de aquí get out of here; se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away 2 (consumirse, gastarse):
◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;
se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent 3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;
◊ se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off;
(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?
4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down
5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
◊ irase de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;
me iba para atrás I was falling backwards; frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
ira sustantivo femenino rage, anger
ir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
van a misa, they go to church
3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
12 (vestir) to wear
ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass (tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right (ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water (haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old (encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
II verbo auxiliar
1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
ir caminando, to go on foot
2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
va a esquiar, she goes skiing
va a nevar, it's going to snow
vas a caerte, you'll fall Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
¡ahí va!, catch!
en lo que va de año, so far this year
¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
¡vaya!, fancy that
¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
ir a parar, to end up
ira sustantivo femenino wrath, rage, anger ' ira' also found in these entries: Spanish: acceso - atizar - dejarse - desahogarse - descargar - enrojecer - ir - primera - primero - provocar - rabia - roja - rojo - ya - aplacar - chispeante - ciego - desahogar - enceguecer - incontrolado - nubosidad English: anger - beyond - blaze - fit - glower - IRA - ire - wrath - angrily - fury - surge - vent

IRA

tr['aɪ'ɑːr'eɪ]

abbreviation

1 ( Irish Republican Army) Ejército Republicano irlandés; (abbreviation) IRA nombre masculino

noun

a) (= Irish Republican Army) IRA m

b) 'aɪrə ( in US) = Individual Retirement Account

••
Cultural note:

IRA - Irish Republican Army

El IRA (Ejército Republicano Irlandés) es una organización paramilitar ilegal, fundada en 1919 para luchar por la independencia irlandesa del Reino Unido (United Kingdom). Después de la separación, en 1921, de los seis condados del noreste de la isla que siguieron bajo control británico, como la provincia de Northern Ireland, su objetivo pasó a ser la unificación de la República de Irlanda e Irlanda del Norte. Posteriormente, como respuesta a lo que se percibía como represión contra la minoría católica en Irlanda del Norte, una facción del IRA ( Provisional IRA) se reactivó en 1970, cometiendo actos de terrorismo en Irlanda del Norte e Inglaterra. El acuerdo de Viernes Santo ( Good Friday Agreement), en 1998, ha llevado a un período de relativa paz entre las comunidades enfrentadas en Irlanda del Norte

N ABBR

1) = Irish Republican Army IRA m

2) (US)
= individual retirement account
* * *

noun

a) (= Irish Republican Army) IRA m

b) ['aɪrə] ( in US) = Individual Retirement Account

••
Cultural note:

IRA - Irish Republican Army

El IRA (Ejército Republicano Irlandés) es una organización paramilitar ilegal, fundada en 1919 para luchar por la independencia irlandesa del Reino Unido (United Kingdom). Después de la separación, en 1921, de los seis condados del noreste de la isla que siguieron bajo control británico, como la provincia de Northern Ireland, su objetivo pasó a ser la unificación de la República de Irlanda e Irlanda del Norte. Posteriormente, como respuesta a lo que se percibía como represión contra la minoría católica en Irlanda del Norte, una facción del IRA ( Provisional IRA) se reactivó en 1970, cometiendo actos de terrorismo en Irlanda del Norte e Inglaterra. El acuerdo de Viernes Santo ( Good Friday Agreement), en 1998, ha llevado a un período de relativa paz entre las comunidades enfrentadas en Irlanda del Norte

English-spanish dictionary > IRA
3 Ira

s.

Mina o cantera. Zampoña, cuyas cañas de corte menor que combinan con el arca. Adv. Lugar donde trillan trigo, quinua, etc.

Diccionario básico del idioma aymara a español > Ira
4 descargar

v.

1 to unload.

descargó su cólera sobre mí he took his anger out on me

descargó su conciencia en mí he unburdened his conscience on me

Elsa descarga los camiones Elsa unloads the trucks.

El camión descargó The truck unloaded.

2 to fire.

3 to deal, to land.

descargó un golpe contra la mesa he thumped his fist on the table

4 to run down ( electricity and electronics) (pila, batería).

5 to download (computing).

6 to burst.

7 to alleviate, to unburden.

Elsa descargó su tristeza Elsa alleviated her grief.

8 to discharge, to run down.

El gerente descargó a María The mMaríager discharged Mary.

9 to unleash, to loose.

Esa mentira descargó su ira contenida That lie unleashed his repressed anger.

10 to acquit, to exonerate, to release.

El juez descargó a María The judge acquitted Mary.

* * *

descargar

Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar

► verbo transitivo

1 (quitar una carga) to unload

2 (disparar una arma) to fire, discharge, shoot; (vaciar una arma) to unload

■ descargaron salvas en su honor they fired a salute in his honour

3 (dar un golpe) to deal

■ le descargó un puñetazo he dealt him a blow

4 figurado (de obligaciones, preocupaciones) to free, relieve, release

■ descargó sus preocupaciones contándole todo a su madre he got everything off his chest by telling his mother all about it

5 figurado (enfado) to vent, give vent to

6 ELECTRICIDAD to discharge (batería) to run down

7 DERECHO to absolve (de, of), acquit (de, of)

► verbo intransitivo

1 ELECTRICIDAD to discharge

2 (tormenta) to break; (nubes) to burst

3 (desembocar) to flow

► verbo pronominal descargarse

1 (pilas, baterías) to discharge

2 (desahogarse) to blow up

3 DERECHO to clear oneself

* * *

verb

1) to discharge

2) unload

* * *

1. VT

1) (=quitar la carga de) [+ camión, contenedor, arma] to unload; [+ mercancías] to unload

están descargando los sacos del camión — they are unloading the sacks from the lorry

2) (=disparar) [+ arma, tiro] to fire

3) (=soltar) [+ golpe] to land; [+ bomba] to drop, release

le descargó un puñetazo en la cara — he punched him in the face o landed a punch on his face

empezó a descargar golpes sobre la mesa — he started banging (on) the table

4) (Elec) [+ pila, batería] to run down; [+ corriente] to discharge

5) (=liberar) [+ tensión, agresividad] to release; [+ enfado, ira] to vent; [+ conciencia] to ease; [+ responsabilidad, sentimiento] to offload

siempre descarga su enfado con nosotros — he always vents his anger on us

no descargues tu frustración sobre mí — don't take out o offload your frustration on me

necesito a alguien en quien descargar mi corazón — I need to pour out my heart to somebody

descargar a algn de — [+ obligación, responsabilidad] to relieve sb of; [+ deuda] to discharge sb from; [+ acusación] to clear sb of, acquit sb of

6) euf [+ vientre] to evacuate, empty; [+ vejiga] to empty

7) (Com) [+ letra] to take up

8) (Inform) to download

2. VI

1) [río] to flow, run (en into)

2) [tormenta] to break

la tempestad descargó sobre el barco — the storm broke over the ship

una fuerte tromba de agua descargó sobre la ciudad — a torrential downpour fell on the city

3) (Elec) to discharge

3.

See:

descargarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) <vehículo/mercancías> to unload

2)

a) < pistola> ( extraer las balas) to unload; ( disparar) to fire, discharge (frml)

la pistola está descargada — the pistol is not loaded

b) < tiro> to fire; < golpe> to deal, land

le descargó seis tiros — he shot her six times

3)

a) <ira/agresividad> to vent; <preocupaciones/tensiones> to relieve

b) (Ven fam) < persona>

me lo voy a descargar — I'm going to give him a piece of my mind

no eres quien para que me descargues — who do you think you are, sounding off to me like that? (colloq)

4)

descargar a alguien de algo — de responsabilidad to clear somebody of something; de obligación to relieve somebody of something

lo descargaron de toda culpa — he was cleared of all blame
2.
descargar v impers aguacero to pour down; temporal to break
3.
descargarse v pron

1) (Elec) pila to run down; batería to go dead o flat

2) tormenta to break; lluvias to come down, fall

3) persona

a) ( desahogarse)

descargarse con alguien — to take it out on somebody

b) ( de obligación)

descargarse de algo — to get out of something

* * *

= unload, flush, offload [off-load], download, relieve + Reflexivo.

Ex. The library has a van equipped with an hydraulic lift to unload book trucks.

Ex. The sea swept in across a newly and solidly-built bus stand to come into the river which quickly and conveniently flushed the waters back into the sea.

Ex. Hits retrieved from on-line data bases can be offloaded to the personal data base.

Ex. To download is to capture data online from a remote host computer and transfer it to the store of an in-house standalone system, eg a microcomputer, for processing.

Ex. When I went to the little boys/girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.

----

* descargar de responsabilidad = remove from + shoulders.

* descargar registros = download + records.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) <vehículo/mercancías> to unload

2)

a) < pistola> ( extraer las balas) to unload; ( disparar) to fire, discharge (frml)

la pistola está descargada — the pistol is not loaded

b) < tiro> to fire; < golpe> to deal, land

le descargó seis tiros — he shot her six times

3)

a) <ira/agresividad> to vent; <preocupaciones/tensiones> to relieve

b) (Ven fam) < persona>

me lo voy a descargar — I'm going to give him a piece of my mind

no eres quien para que me descargues — who do you think you are, sounding off to me like that? (colloq)

4)

descargar a alguien de algo — de responsabilidad to clear somebody of something; de obligación to relieve somebody of something

lo descargaron de toda culpa — he was cleared of all blame
2.
descargar v impers aguacero to pour down; temporal to break
3.
descargarse v pron

1) (Elec) pila to run down; batería to go dead o flat

2) tormenta to break; lluvias to come down, fall

3) persona

a) ( desahogarse)

descargarse con alguien — to take it out on somebody

b) ( de obligación)

descargarse de algo — to get out of something

* * *

= unload, flush, offload [off-load], download, relieve + Reflexivo.

Ex: The library has a van equipped with an hydraulic lift to unload book trucks.

Ex: The sea swept in across a newly and solidly-built bus stand to come into the river which quickly and conveniently flushed the waters back into the sea.

Ex: Hits retrieved from on-line data bases can be offloaded to the personal data base.

Ex: To download is to capture data online from a remote host computer and transfer it to the store of an in-house standalone system, eg a microcomputer, for processing.

Ex: When I went to the little boys/girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.

* descargar de responsabilidad = remove from + shoulders.

* descargar registros = download + records.

* * *

descargar [A3 ]

vt

A ‹camión/barco› to unload; ‹mercancías› to unload

B

1 ‹pistola› (extraer las balas) to unload; (disparar) to fire, discharge ( frml)

la pistola está descargada the pistol is not loaded

descargó la pistola contra el ladrón he fired the gun at the thief

2 ‹tiro› to fire; ‹golpe› to deal, land

le descargó seis tiros he shot at her six times, he fired six shots at her

C

1 ‹ira/agresividad› to vent; ‹preocupaciones/tensiones› to relieve

un excelente ejercicio para descargar las tensiones an excellent exercise for relieving tension

el judo es una forma de descargar la agresividad judo is a way of getting rid of aggression o ( colloq) letting off steam

descargó toda su furia en or contra or sobre mí he vented all his anger on me, he took all his anger out on me, he unleashed all his anger against me

2

( Ven fam) ‹persona› me lo voy a descargar I'm going to give him a piece of my mind o ( AmE) give him a tongue lashing ( colloq)

no eres quien para que me descargues who do you think you are, sounding off o ( AmE) mouthing off to me like that? ( colloq)

D descargar a algn DE algo ‹de una responsabilidad› to clear sb OF sth; ‹de una obligación› to relieve sb OF sth

lo descargaron de toda culpa he was cleared of all blame

E ( Inf) to download

descargar una aplicación al or en el computador ( AmL) or ( Esp) ordenador personal to download an application to the personal computer

■ descargar

vi

«nube»: al elevarse las nubes se enfrían y descargan as the clouds rise, they cool and rain is released o falls

■

v impers

to pour down

parece que va a descargar it looks as if it's going to pour down

el temporal que descargó ayer sobre la capital the storm which broke over o hit o struck the capital yesterday

■ descargarse

v pron

A ( Elec) «pila» to run down; «batería» to go dead o ( BrE) flat

B «tormenta» to break; «lluvias» to come down, fall

se descargó una tormenta sobre la ciudad a storm broke over o hit the city

C «persona»

1

(desahogarse): no te descargues conmigo, yo no tengo la culpa don't take it out on me, it's not my fault!

2 (de una obligación) descargarse DE algo to get out of sth

se descargó de toda responsabilidad he washed his hands of all responsibility

* * *

descargar ( conjugate descargar) verbo transitivo
1 ‹vehículo/mercancías› to unload
2
a) ‹ pistola› ( extraer las balas) to unload;

( disparar) to fire, discharge (frml);
◊ la pistola está descargada the pistol is not loaded

b) ‹ tiro› to fire;

‹ golpe› to deal, land
3 (Inf) to download
4 ‹ira/agresividad› to vent;
‹preocupaciones/tensiones› to relieve
descargar v impers [ aguacero] to pour down;
[ temporal] to break
descargarse verbo pronominal
1 (Elec) [ pila] to run down;
[ batería] to go dead o flat
2 [ tormenta] to break;
[ lluvias] to come down, fall
descargar
I verbo transitivo
1 (sacar la carga) to unload
2 Elec Mil to discharge
3 (un golpe) to deal
4 (de trabajo, de una obligación) to relieve o free [de, of]
5 (la ira, el malhumor) to take out [en/sobre, on]
II vi (tormenta) to break
' descargar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
volcar
English:
discharge
- dump
- land
- take out
- unload
- vent
- down
- lighten

* * *

descargar

♦ vt

1. [vaciar] [cargamento, camión, barco] to unload;

las nubes descargaron varios litros en pocas horas it rained several inches in a few minutes

2. [desahogar] [ira, agresividad] to vent;
[tensiones] to relieve;
juega al squash para descargar el estrés he plays squash to work off the stress;

descargó su cólera sobre mí he took his anger out on me;

descargó su conciencia en mí he unburdened his conscience to me

3. [arma] [disparar] to fire ( sobre at); [vaciar] to unload;

la escopeta estaba descargada the shotgun was unloaded

4. [puntapié, puñetazo] to deal, to land;

descargó un golpe contra la mesa he thumped his fist on the table

5. [pila, batería] to run down

6. [exonerar]
descargar a alguien de algo to free o release sb from sth;

lo descargaron de responsabilidades por estar convaleciente they relieved him of some of his responsibilities as he was convalescing

7. Der [absolver]
descargar a alguien de algo to clear sb of sth;

el juez los ha descargado de toda culpa the judge cleared them of all blame

8. Informát to download;

descargar un programa de la Red to download a program from the Net

♦ vi
[nubarrón] to burst;
la tormenta descargó en el norte de la ciudad the storm broke over the north of the city

♦ v impersonal

to pour down;

tiene pinta de que va a descargar it looks as if it's going to pour down

♦ See also the pronominal verb descargarse

* * *

descargar

I v/t

1 arma, EL discharge; fig: ira etc take out (en, sobre on)

2 mercancías unload

3 de responsabilidad, culpa clear (de of)

4 INFOR download

II v/i de tormenta etc hit

* * *

descargar {52} vt

1) : to discharge

2) : to unload

3) : to release, to free

4) : to take out, to vent (anger, etc.)

♦ See also the reflexive verb descargarse

* * *

descargar vb

1. (vehículo, arma) to unload

2. (tormenta) to break [pt. broke; pp. broken]

Spanish-English dictionary > descargar
5 surge

sə:‹
1. verb
((of eg water or waves) to move forward with great force: The waves surged over the rocks.) levantarse; agitarse

2. noun
(a surging movement, or a sudden rush: The stone hit his head and he felt a surge of pain; a sudden surge of anger.) oleada, (rabia) arranque; (mar) oleaje, marejada

surge

tr[sɜːʤ]

noun

1 (of sea) oleada, oleaje nombre masculino, marejada; (of people) oleada, marea

2 (increase - in demand etc) aumento; (- of support) oleada; (- of anger) arranque nombre masculino

intransitive verb

1 (sea, wave) levantarse, hincharse; (people, crowd) ir en tropel, avanzar a manadas

2 (increase) aumentar bruscamente

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to surge up inside somebody (anger etc) invadir a alguien, apoderarse de alguien

surge ['sərʤ] vi, surged ; surging

1) : hincharse (dícese del mar), levantarse (dícese de las olas)

2) swarm: salir en tropel (dícese de la gente, etc.)

surge n

1) : oleaje m (del mar), oleada f (de gente)

2) flush: arranque m, arrebato m (de ira, etc.)

3) increase: aumento m (súbito)

surge

n.

• marejada s.f.

• mareta s.f.

• olaje s.m.

• oleada s.f.

• oleaje s.m.

v.

• agitarse v.

• entumecer v.

• hervir v.

• surgir v.

I sɜːrdʒ, sɜːdʒ
noun

a surge of people — una oleada de gente

we felt a new surge of hope — sentimos renacer nuestras esperanzas

a surge in demand/sales — un repentino aumento de la demanda/las ventas

a power surge — ( Elec) una subida de tensión or de voltaje

II

intransitive verb

a) \<\<wave\>\> levantarse; \<\<sea\>\> hincharse

the crowd surged out through the gates — la gente salió en tropel por las puertas

anger/hatred surged up inside her — la ira/el odio la invadió

to surge ahead — tomar la delantera

to surge ahead of somebody — adelantársele a alguien

b) \<\<demand/sales/popularity\>\> aumentar vertiginosamente

[sɜːdʒ]
1.

N [of sea] oleaje m, oleada f

a surge of people — una oleada de gente

a surge of sympathy — una oleada de compasión

a power surge — (Elec) una subida de tensión

2.

VI [water] levantarse, hincharse
[people]
to surge in/out — entrar/salir en tropel

the crowd surged into the building — la multitud entró en tropel en el edificio

people surged down the street — una oleada de gente avanzó por la calle

they surged round him — se apiñaban en torno suyo

the blood surged to her cheeks — se le subió la sangre a las mejillas

* * *

I [sɜːrdʒ, sɜːdʒ]
noun

a surge of people — una oleada de gente

we felt a new surge of hope — sentimos renacer nuestras esperanzas

a surge in demand/sales — un repentino aumento de la demanda/las ventas

a power surge — ( Elec) una subida de tensión or de voltaje

II

intransitive verb

a) \<\<wave\>\> levantarse; \<\<sea\>\> hincharse

the crowd surged out through the gates — la gente salió en tropel por las puertas

anger/hatred surged up inside her — la ira/el odio la invadió

to surge ahead — tomar la delantera

to surge ahead of somebody — adelantársele a alguien

b) \<\<demand/sales/popularity\>\> aumentar vertiginosamente

English-spanish dictionary > surge
6 erglühen

erglühen, incendi (von Zorn etc., irā etc.). – erglüht sein, auch flagrare alqā re (z.B. irā). – von Wein e., vino incalescere: von Zorn e., (irā) excandescere; irā flagrare coepisse. – für diese Studien e., his studiis flagrare coepisse: für diese Studien erglüht sein, his studiis flagrare.

deutsch-lateinisches > erglühen
7 provocar

v.

1 to provoke.

El golpe provocó su muerte The blow brought about her death.

Sus comentarios provocaron al borracho His comments provoked the drunk.

2 to cause, to bring about (causar) (accidente, muerte).

provocar las iras de alguien to anger somebody

provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh

el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze

3 to lead on (excitar sexualmente).

* * *

provocar

Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar

► verbo transitivo

1 to provoke

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

provocar el parto to induce birth

provocar un incendio (con intención) to commit arson 2 (sin intención) to cause a fire

* * *

verb

to provoke

* * *

1. VT

1) (=causar) [+ protesta, explosión] to cause, spark off; [+ fuego] to cause, start (deliberately); [+ cambio] to bring about, lead to; [+ proceso] to promote

provocar risa a algn — to make sb laugh

incendio provocado — arson

2) [+ parto] to induce, bring on

3) [+ persona] [gen] to provoke; (=incitar) to rouse, stir up (to anger); (=tentar) to tempt, invite

¡no me provoques! — don't start me!

provocar a algn a cólera o indignación — to rouse sb to fury

provocar a algn a lástima — to move sb to pity

el mar provoca a bañarse — the sea invites one to go for a swim

4) [sexualmente] to rouse

2. VI

1) LAm (=gustar, apetecer)

me provoca comer — I feel like eating

¿te provoca un café? — would you like a coffee?, do you fancy a coffee?

¿qué le provoca? — what would you like?, what do you fancy?

no me provoca la idea — the idea doesn't appeal to me, I don't fancy the idea

-¿por qué no vas? -no me provoca — "why aren't you going?" - "I don't feel like it"

no me provoca estudiar hoy — I'm not in the mood for studying today, I don't feel like studying today

2) * (=vomitar) to be sick, throw up *

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt

b) (Med)

provocar el parto — to induce labor*

las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea — the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction

2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
2.
provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

* * *

= provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.

Ex. 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.

Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex. Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.

Ex. Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.

Ex. In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.

Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.

Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.

Ex. It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex. However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.

Ex. In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.

Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.

Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.

Ex. The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.

Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.

Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.

Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.

Ex. This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.

Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.

Ex. Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.

Ex. His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.

Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.

Ex. Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.

Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

----

* provocar cambios = wreak + changes.

* provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.

* provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.

* provocar escarnio = evoke + response.

* provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.

* provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.

* provocar la controversia = court + controversy.

* provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.

* provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.

* provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.

* provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.

* provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.

* provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.

* provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.

* provocar un cambio = bring about + change.

* provocar un debate = ignite + debate.

* provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.

* provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt

b) (Med)

provocar el parto — to induce labor*

las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea — the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction

2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
2.
provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

* * *

= provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.

Ex: 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.

Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex: Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.

Ex: Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.

Ex: In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.

Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.

Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.

Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.

Ex: It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.

Ex: However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.

Ex: In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.

Ex: The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.

Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.

Ex: The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.

Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.

Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.

Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.

Ex: This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.

Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.

Ex: Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.

Ex: His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.

Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.

Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.

Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.

Ex: Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.

Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.

Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.

Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.

* provocar cambios = wreak + changes.

* provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.

* provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.

* provocar escarnio = evoke + response.

* provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.

* provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.

* provocar la controversia = court + controversy.

* provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.

* provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.

* provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.

* provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.

* provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.

* provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.

* provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.

* provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.

* provocar un cambio = bring about + change.

* provocar un debate = ignite + debate.

* provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.

* provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.

* provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.

* * *

provocar [A2 ]

vt

A

1 (causar, ocasionar) to cause

un cigarrillo pudo provocar la explosión the explosion may have been caused by a cigarette

una decisión que ha provocado violentas polémicas a decision which has sparked off o prompted violent controversy

no se sabe qué provocó el incendio it is not known what started the fire

2 ( Med):

provocar el parto to induce labor*

las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction

el antígeno provoca la formación de anticuerpos the antigen stimulates the production of antibodies

B ‹persona›

1 (al enfado) to provoke

2 (en sentido sexual) to lead … on

■ provocar

vi

( Andes) (apetecer): ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? ( BrE colloq)

■ provocarse

v pron

( refl):

se disparó un tiro provocándose la muerte he shot (and killed) himself

* * *

provocar ( conjugate provocar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ explosión› to cause;

‹ incendio› to start;
‹ polémica› to spark off, prompt;
‹ reacción› to cause
b) (Med) ‹ parto› to induce

2 ‹ persona› ( al enfado) to provoke;
( sexualmente) to lead … on
verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( apetecer):
◊ ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

provocar verbo transitivo
1 (causar) to cause: su decisión fue provocada por..., his decision was prompted by..., provocar un incendio, to start a fire
2 (un parto, etc) to induce: tuvieron que provocarle el vómito, they had to make her vomit
3 (irritar, enfadar) to provoke: no lo provoques, don't provoke him
4 (la ira, etc) to rouse
(un aplauso) to provoke
5 (excitar el deseo sexual) to arouse, provoke

' provocar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
campanada
- desatar
- engendrar
- hacer
- motivar
- organizar
- pinchar
- chulear
- dar
- meter
- parto
- reclamo
- torear
English:
bait
- bring
- bring about
- bring on
- cause
- excite
- fight
- incur
- induce
- instigate
- invite
- prompt
- provoke
- raise
- rouse
- roust
- short-circuit
- spark off
- start
- stir up
- tease
- trigger
- disturbance
- draw
- elicit
- evoke
- short
- spark
- stir
- taunt
- whip
- wreck

* * *

provocar

♦ vt

1. [incitar] to provoke;

¡no me provoques! don't provoke me!

2. [causar] [accidente, muerte] to cause;
[incendio, rebelión] to start; [sonrisa, burla] to elicit;
una placa de hielo provocó el accidente the accident was caused by a sheet of black ice;

provocar las iras de alguien to anger sb;

provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh;

el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze;

su actitud me provoca más lástima que otra cosa her attitude makes me pity her more than anything else

3. [excitar sexualmente] to lead on;

le gusta provocar a los chicos con su ropa she likes to tease the boys with her clothes

♦ vi
Carib, Col, Méx Fam [apetecer]
¿te provoca ir al cine? would you like to go to the movies?, Br do you fancy going to the cinema?;

¿te provoca un vaso de vino? would you like a glass of wine?, Br do you fancy a glass of wine?;

¿qué te provoca? what would you like to do?, Br what do you fancy doing?

* * *

provocar

v/t

1 cause

2 el enfado provoke

3 sexualmente lead on

4 parto induce

5

:

¿te provoca un café? S.Am. how about a coffee?

* * *

provocar {72} vt

1) causar: to provoke, to cause

2) irritar: to provoke, to pique

* * *

provocar vb

1. (en general) to cause

la tormenta provocó un apagón the storm caused a blackout

2. (incendio) to start

una chispa provocó el incendio a spark started the fire

3. (una persona) to provoke

no deja de provocarme he keeps provoking me

Spanish-English dictionary > provocar
8 stalk

I sto:k noun
(the stem of a plant or of a leaf, flower or fruit: If the stalk is damaged, the plant may die.)

II sto:k verb
1) (to walk stiffly and proudly, eg in anger: He stalked out of the room in disgust.)

2) (to move menacingly through a place: Disease and famine stalk (through) the country.)

3) (in hunting, to move gradually as close as possible to game, eg deer, trying to remain hidden: Have you ever stalked deer / been deer-stalking?)

•

- stalker

stalk n tallo / rabo

a rose on a long stalk una rosa de tallo largo

stalk

tr[stɔːk]

noun

1 SMALLBOTANY/SMALL (of plant) tallo; (of fruit) rabo, rabillo; (of cabbage) troncho

2 SMALLZOOLOGY/SMALL pedúnculo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to have one's eyes on stalks salírsele a uno los ojos de las órbitas

————————

stalk

tr[stɔːk]

transitive verb

1 (hunt - animals) acechar; (- hunter) cazar al acecho; (- detective, killer, etc) acechar, cazar, perseguir; (menace - danger, famine, disease, etc) asolar

■ an animal stalking its prey un animal que acecha su presa

■ fear stalked the city el miedo asolaba la ciudad

intransitive verb

1 (walk - proudly) andar con paso majestuoso; (- angrily) andar indignado,-a

■ she stalked out salió indignada

stalk ['stɔk] vt

: acechar

stalk vi

: caminar rígidamente (por orgullo, ira, etc.)

stalk n

: tallo m (de una planta)

stalk

n.

• cabillo s.m.

• caña s.f.

• cálamo s.m.

• pedúnculo s.m.

• pie s.m.

• rabillo s.m.

• raspa s.f.

• tallo s.m.

• troncho s.m.

• tronco s.m.

v.

• acechar v.

• andar con paso majestuoso v.

• cazar al acecho v.

stɔːk
I

noun ( of plant) tallo m; (of leaf, flower) pedúnculo m, tallo m; ( of fruit) rabillo m, cabito m (RPl)

II
1.

transitive verb \<\<prey/game\>\> acechar

famine stalks the land — (liter) la hambruna asola la región (or el país etc)

2.

vi

she stalked off without a word — se fue muy ofendida (or indignada etc) sin decir palabra

I [stɔːk]
1.

VT [+ animal] [hunter] cazar al acecho; [animal] acechar; [+ person] seguir los pasos de

2.

VI (=walk)

to stalk away or off — irse con paso airado

she stalked out of the room — salió airada del cuarto

II

[stɔːk]
N
1) (Bot) tallo m, caña f ; (=cabbage stalk) troncho m

2) [of glass] pie m

3) (Aut) (=control stalk) palanca f

* * *
[stɔːk]
I

noun ( of plant) tallo m; (of leaf, flower) pedúnculo m, tallo m; ( of fruit) rabillo m, cabito m (RPl)

II
1.

transitive verb \<\<prey/game\>\> acechar

famine stalks the land — (liter) la hambruna asola la región (or el país etc)

2.

vi

she stalked off without a word — se fue muy ofendida (or indignada etc) sin decir palabra

English-spanish dictionary > stalk
9 stir

stə:
1. past tense, past participle - stirred; verb
1) (to cause (a liquid etc) to be mixed especially by the constant circular movement of a spoon etc, in order to mix it: He put sugar and milk into his tea and stirred it; She stirred the sugar into the mixture.) remover, revolver

2) (to move, either slightly or vigorously: The breeze stirred her hair; He stirred in his sleep; Come on - stir yourselves!) moverse, agitarse

3) (to arouse or touch (a person or his feelings): He was stirred by her story.) conmover, provocar, excitar

2. noun
(a fuss or disturbance: The news caused a stir.) agitación, conmoción

- stirring
- stir-fry
- stir up

stir vb

1. remover

stir your coffee before you drink it remueve el café antes de bebértelo

2. moverse

nothing stirred under the hot African sun bajo el abrasador sol africano no se movía nada

El pasado y participio pasado de stir se escribe stirred; el gerundio se escribe stirring

stir

tr[stɜː^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 (act) acción nombre femenino de agitar

■ give it a stir remuévelo

2 (slight movement) movimiento

■ a stir of excitement una leve agitación

3 figurative use (public excitement, commotion) revuelo

■ it caused a great stir provocó un gran revuelo

transitive verb

1 (liquid, mixture) remover, revolver

■ has this tea been stirred? ¿has removido este té?

■ stirring all the time sin dejar de remover

■ stir the milk into the mixture incorpora la leche a la mezcla removiéndola

2 (move slightly) mover, agitar

■ the wind stirred the leaves el viento movía las hojas

■ stir yourself! ¡muévete!

3 (curiosity, interest, etc) despertar, excitar; (anger) provocar; (imagination) avivar, estimular; (emotions) conmover

■ the poem stirred everyone el poema conmovió a todos

■ his words stirred us to action sus palabras nos incitaron a la acción

■ her plight stirred my sympathy su grave situación despertó mi compasión

intransitive verb

1 (move) moverse, agitarse; (wake up) despertarse; (get up) levantarse

■ he stirred in his sleep se movía mientras dormía

■ the baby hasn't stirred all evening el bebé no se ha despertado en toda la noche

■ he didn't stir from the armchair no se movió del sillón

■ nobody stirs before ten o'clock nadie se levanta antes de las diez

2 (feelings) despertarse

■ memories began to stir within her los recuerdos empezaron a despertarse en su mente

3 familiar (cause trouble) armar lío, meter cizaña

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to stir somebody's blood excitar a alguien

to stir one's stumps moverse

————————

stir

tr[stɜː^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 slang dated (prison) cárcel nombre femenino, chirona

stir ['stər] v, stirred ; stirring vt

1) agitate: mover, agitar

2) mix: revolver, remover

3) incite: incitar, impulsar, motivar

4) or to stir up arouse: despertar (memorias, etc.), provocar (ira, etc.)

stir vi

: moverse, agitarse

stir n

1) motion: movimiento m

2) commotion: revuelo m

stir

n.

• agitación s.f.

• alboroto s.m.

• conmoción s.f.

• gran interés s.m.

• hurgonada s.f.

• meneo s.m.

• movimiento s.m. (A fire)

v.

• atizar v.

v.

• agitar v.

• arrebatar v.

• batir v.

• bullir v.

• conmover v.

• encandilar v.

• mecer v.

• menear v.

• mover v.

• rebullir v.

• remover v.

• revolver v.

stɜːr, stɜː(r)
I

noun

a) c ( action)

to give something a stir — remover* or (esp AmL) revolver* algo

b) u ( movement) movimiento m, agitación f

c) u ( excitement) revuelo m, conmoción f

to cause o create o make a stir — causar revuelo

II
1.

- rr- transitive verb

1) ( mix) \<\<liquid/mixture\>\> remover*, revolver* (esp AmL)

to stir something INTO something: stir the cream into the soup — añada la crema a la sopa y remueva (or revuelva)

2)

a) ( move slightly) agitar, mover*

b) ( get moving) (colloq) mover*

come on, stir yourself! — vamos, muévete! (fam)

c) ( waken) despertar*

3)

a) ( arouse) \<\<sympathies\>\> despertar*; \<\<imagination\>\> estimular

b) (move, affect) conmover*

c) (provoke, incite)

to stir somebody into action — empujar or incitar a alguien a la acción

2.

vi

1)

a) ( change position) moverse*, agitarse

b) ( venture out) moverse*, salir*

c) ( wake up) despertarse*; ( get up) levantarse

it was midday before anyone stirred — nadie se levantó hasta el mediodía

nobody is stirring yet — no hay nadie despierto todavía, nadie se ha despertado todavía

2) ( cause trouble) (BrE colloq) armar lío (fam), meter cizaña

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- stir up

I [stɜː(r)]
1. N

1)

to give sth a stir — remover algo

2) (=disturbance, ado) conmoción f

to cause a stir — causar conmoción

there was a great stir in parliament — hubo una gran conmoción en el parlamento

it didn't make much of a stir — apenas despertó interés alguno

2. VT

1) [+ liquid etc] remover, revolver; [+ fire] atizar, hurgar

to stir sugar into coffee — añadir azúcar al café removiéndolo

stir before using — agítese antes de usar

2) (=move) mover

a breeze stirred the leaves — una brisa agitó las hojas

nothing could stir him from his chair — no había nada que lo levantara de la silla

come on, stir yourself or your stumps * — ¡venga, muévete!, ¡anda, muévete!

3) (fig) [+ interest] despertar; [+ emotions] provocar, excitar; [+ imagination] estimular, avivar

to stir sb to pity — causar compasión a algn

to feel deeply stirred — conmoverse profundamente, estar muy emocionado

we were all stirred by the speech — el discurso nos conmovió a todos

to stir sb to do sth — incitar a algn a hacer algo

3. VI

1) (=move) moverse

she hasn't stirred all day — no se ha movido en todo el día

don't you stir from here — no te muevas de aquí

he never stirred from the spot — no se apartó del lugar ni un momento

nobody is stirring yet — están todavía en la cama

2) * (=make trouble) acizañar, meter cizaña

- stir up

II

** [stɜː(r)]
N (esp US) (=prison) chirona ** f
* * *
[stɜːr, stɜː(r)]
I

noun

a) c ( action)

to give something a stir — remover* or (esp AmL) revolver* algo

b) u ( movement) movimiento m, agitación f

c) u ( excitement) revuelo m, conmoción f

to cause o create o make a stir — causar revuelo

II
1.

- rr- transitive verb

1) ( mix) \<\<liquid/mixture\>\> remover*, revolver* (esp AmL)

to stir something INTO something: stir the cream into the soup — añada la crema a la sopa y remueva (or revuelva)

2)

a) ( move slightly) agitar, mover*

b) ( get moving) (colloq) mover*

come on, stir yourself! — vamos, muévete! (fam)

c) ( waken) despertar*

3)

a) ( arouse) \<\<sympathies\>\> despertar*; \<\<imagination\>\> estimular

b) (move, affect) conmover*

c) (provoke, incite)

to stir somebody into action — empujar or incitar a alguien a la acción

2.

vi

1)

a) ( change position) moverse*, agitarse

b) ( venture out) moverse*, salir*

c) ( wake up) despertarse*; ( get up) levantarse

it was midday before anyone stirred — nadie se levantó hasta el mediodía

nobody is stirring yet — no hay nadie despierto todavía, nadie se ha despertado todavía

2) ( cause trouble) (BrE colloq) armar lío (fam), meter cizaña

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- stir up

English-spanish dictionary > stir
10 provocar

provocar ( conjugate provocar) verbo transitivo 1
a) ‹ explosión› to cause;
‹ incendio› to start; ‹ polémica› to spark off, prompt; ‹ reacción› to cause
b) (Med) ‹ parto› to induce
2 ‹ persona› ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead … on verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( apetecer):
◊ ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

provocar verbo transitivo
1 (causar) to cause: su decisión fue provocada por..., his decision was prompted by..., provocar un incendio, to start a fire
2 (un parto, etc) to induce: tuvieron que provocarle el vómito, they had to make her vomit
3 (irritar, enfadar) to provoke: no lo provoques, don't provoke him
4 (la ira, etc) to rouse (un aplauso) to provoke
5 (excitar el deseo sexual) to arouse, provoke ' provocar' also found in these entries: Spanish: campanada - desatar - engendrar - hacer - motivar - organizar - pinchar - chulear - dar - meter - parto - reclamo - torear English: bait - bring - bring about - bring on - cause - excite - fight - incur - induce - instigate - invite - prompt - provoke - raise - rouse - roust - short-circuit - spark off - start - stir up - tease - trigger - disturbance - draw - elicit - evoke - short - spark - stir - taunt - whip - wreck

English-spanish dictionary > provocar
11 incurrir

v.

to incur.

* * *

incurrir

► verbo intransitivo incurrir en

1 (error) to fall into; (delito) to commit

2 (ira etc) to incur

* * *

VI

incurrir en — [+ error] to make; [+ crimen] to commit; [+ deuda, odio] to incur; [+ desastre] to fall victim to

* * *

verbo intransitivo (frml)

incurrir en algo — en error to fall into something (frml); en gasto to incur something

los gastos en que incurrimos — the expenses we incurred

incurrió en un delito de fraude — he committed fraud

* * *

= incur.

Ex. The project was significantly delayed and incurred an overexpenditure several times the original budget.

----

* incurrir en gastos = incur + costs, incur + charges, incur + expense, undertake + expenditure.

* incurrir en multa = incur + fine.

* * *

verbo intransitivo (frml)

incurrir en algo — en error to fall into something (frml); en gasto to incur something

los gastos en que incurrimos — the expenses we incurred

incurrió en un delito de fraude — he committed fraud

* * *

= incur.

Ex: The project was significantly delayed and incurred an overexpenditure several times the original budget.

* incurrir en gastos = incur + costs, incur + charges, incur + expense, undertake + expenditure.

* incurrir en multa = incur + fine.

* * *

incurrir [I1 ]

vi

( frml)

1 (en un error) incurrir EN algo:

incurrieron en el mismo error they made the same mistake, they fell into the same error ( frml)

incurrió en una tautología what he said/wrote was tautologous

incurrió en un delito de fraude he committed fraud

2 (en gastos) incurrir EN algo:

los gastos en que incurrimos the expenses we incurred

incurrieron en pérdidas de cuatro millones de dólares they incurred o suffered losses of four million dollars

* * *

incurrir vi (cometer) to fall [en, into]: incurrió en un error de principiante, he committed a basic mistake
incurrir en delito, to commit a crime
' incurrir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
incidir
English:
incur

* * *

incurrir vi

1.
incurrir en [delito, falta] to commit;
[error] to make
2.
incurrir en [desprecio, castigo] to incur;

incurrió en el odio de sus compañeros he incurred the hatred of his colleagues

3.
incurrir en [gasto] to incur;

incurrimos en muchos gastos en nuestro viaje por Asia we incurred a lot of expenses during our Asian trip

* * *

incurrir

v/i

1

:

incurrir en un error make a mistake

2

:

incurrir en gastos incur costs

* * *

incurrir vi

1)

incurrir en : to incur

incurrir en gastos: to incur expenses

2)

incurrir en : to fall into, to commit

incurrió en un error: he made a mistake

Spanish-English dictionary > incurrir
12 incurrir en

v.

1 to fall into.

2 to incur in, to fall into.

María adquirió una deuda Mary incurred in a debt.

* * *

incurrir en

► verbo intransitivo

1 (error) to fall into; (delito) to commit

2 (ira etc) to incur

Spanish-English dictionary > incurrir en
13 ranxina

Ranxina, rabia, ira, etc.

Primer Diccionario Enciclopédicu de la Llingua Asturiana > ranxina
14 reviliáu

Reviliáu, que esta muy enojado, lleno de ira, etc.

Primer Diccionario Enciclopédicu de la Llingua Asturiana > reviliáu
15 fuiste

etc see ir, ser

* * *

etc see ir, ser

* * *

fuiste, etc

ir, ser¹ (↑ ser (1))

* * *

Del verbo ir: ( conjugate ir)

fuiste es:

2ª persona singular (tú) pretérito indicativo

Del verbo ser: ( conjugate ser)

fuiste es:

2ª persona singular (tú) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
fuiste
ir
ser
fuiste,
◊ etc see ir, ser

ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
1
a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;

◊ fuiste en taxi to go by taxi;

iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
fuiste por mar to go by sea;
¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
el fuiste y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
vamos a casa let's go home;
¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
fuiste de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
fuiste por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread
b) ( asistir) to go to;

◊ voy a clases nocturnas I go to evening classes;

ya va al colegio she's already at school
2 ( expresando propósito) fuiste a + inf:
◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;

ve a ayudarla go and help her;
ver tb fuiste v aux 1
3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;

tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
4 [ comentario]:
◊ no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly;

eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):
◊ iban cantando por el camino they sang as they went along;

¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):
◊ iban de largo they wore long dresses;

voy a fuiste de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
iba de verde she was dressed in green
3 ( en calidad de) fuiste de algo to go (along) as sth;
◊ yo fui de intérprete I went along as interpreter

1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) fuiste a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
2 (extenderse, abarcar):
◊ la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia;

el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;

va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
2 ( en competiciones):
◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;

voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;

¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
4 ( estar en camino):
◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;

va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
5 (sumar, hacer):
◊ ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you;

con este van seis six, counting this one
6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;

¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
2
a) ( combinar) fuiste con algo to go with sth

b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you;

te fuisteá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) fuistele a algo/algn to support sth/sb;
◊ le va al equipo peruano he supports the Peruvian team

1
◊ vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;

¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
c) (al aclarar, resumir):

◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
2
◊ vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;

¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!

fuiste v aux fuiste a + inf:
1
a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;

◊ voy a estudiar medicina I'm going to study medicine;

va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;

bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):
◊ que no se te vaya a caer make sure you don't drop it;

cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):
◊ poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little;

ya puedes fuiste haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse verbo pronominal
1 ( marcharse) to leave;
◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;

vámonos let's go;
bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
no te vayas don't go;
vete a la cama go to bed;
se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
vete de aquí get out of here;
se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
2 (consumirse, gastarse):
◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;
◊ se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
◊ fuistese de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;

me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
ser ( conjugate ser) cópula
1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be
◊ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;

es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf;
es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic;
era cierto it was true;
sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still;
que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ siempre le he sido fiel I've always been faithful to her;

ver tb imposible, difícil etc
2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
◊ el mayor es casado the oldest is married;

es viuda she's a widow;
ver tb estar 1 cópula 2
3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be;
◊ soy abogada I'm a lawyer;

ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me
4 (con predicado introducido por `de'):
◊ esos zapatos son de plástico those shoes are (made of) plastic;

soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba;
es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors';
no soy de aquí I'm not from around here
5 (hipótesis, futuro):
◊ será un error it must be a mistake;

¿será cierto? can it be true?
verbo intransitivo
1
a) ( existir) to be

b) (liter) ( en cuentos):

◊ érase una vez … once upon a time there was …

2
a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):

◊ la fiesta va a fuiste en su casa the party is going to be (held) at her house;

¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?
b) ( en preguntas):

◊ ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;

¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq);
¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us?
3 ( sumar):
◊ ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;

son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos;
somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether
4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) fuiste para algo to be for sth;
◊ este agua es para beber this water is for drinking

( en locs)
◊ a no ser que (+ subj) unless;

¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq);
como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what;
hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done;
el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever;
puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like;
de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml);
¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!;
es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?;
es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim;
lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something;
estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes;
o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago;
o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested;
o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out;
(ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …;
sea como sea at all costs;
sea cuando sea whenever it is;
sea donde sea no matter where;
sea quien sea whoever it is;
si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for …
( en el tiempo) to be;
◊ ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;

serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived;
ver tb v impers
fuiste v impers to be;
◊ era primavera it was spring(time)

fuiste v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be;
fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900
■ sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( ente) being;

◊ fuiste humano/vivo human/living being

b) (individuo, persona):

◊ un fuiste querido a loved one

2 ( naturaleza):
◊ desde lo más profundo de mi fuiste from the bottom of my heart

ir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
van a misa, they go to church
3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
12 (vestir) to wear
ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
(tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
(ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
(haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
(encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
II verbo auxiliar
1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
ir caminando, to go on foot
2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
va a esquiar, she goes skiing
va a nevar, it's going to snow
vas a caerte, you'll fall
♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
¡ahí va!, catch!
en lo que va de año, so far this year
¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
¡vaya!, fancy that
¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
ir a parar, to end up
ser
I sustantivo masculino
1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
ser humano, human being
ser vivo, living being
2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
II verbo intransitivo
1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
ya es la una, it's one o'clock
3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people
(al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas
Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes
(adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave
♦ Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
como sea, anyhow
de no ser por..., had it not been for
es más, furthermore
es que..., it's just that...
lo que sea, whatever
o sea, that is (to say)
sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit
' fuiste' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
quién
- cómo
- duro
- imprudente
English:
anywhere
- university
- unkind
- after
- but
- nowhere

Spanish-English dictionary > fuiste
16 इरा

írā
( alsoﾠ irā́ AV. XV, 2, 3)

f. (closely allied to iḍā andﾠ iLā) any drinkable fluid;
a draught (especially of milk) RV. AV. ṠBr. etc.;
food, refreshment;
comfort, enjoyment AV. ṠBr. AitBr. ;
N. of an Apsaras (a daughter of Daksha andﾠ wife of Kaṡyapa) Hariv. VP. ;
water L. ;
ardent spirits Bhpr. ;
the earth L. ;
speech L. ;
the goddess of speech, Sarasvatī L. ;
<cf. iḍā.>
- इराक्षीर
- इराचर
- इराज
- इरामुख
- इरावत्
- इरेश

Sanskrit-English dictionary > इरा
17 इरावत्

írā-vat
( írā-) mfn. possessing food, full of food;

granting drink orﾠ refreshment, satiating, giving enjoyment;
endowed with provisions;
comfortable RV. AV. AitBr. MBh. etc.;
(ān) m. N. of a son of Arjuna VP. ;
the ocean;
a cloud;
a king L. ;
(tī) f. N. of a plant L. ;
N. of Durgā (the wife of Rudra) BhP. ;
of a daughter of the Nāga Suṡravas Rājat. ;
N. of a river in the Pañjāb (now called Rāvī) MBh. Hariv. VP.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > इरावत्
18 ir

v.

1 to go.

ir hacia el sur/al cine to go south/to the cinema

ir en autobús/coche to go by bus/car

ir andando to go on foot, to walk

¡vamos! let's go!

2 to be gradually.

ir haciendo algo to be (gradually) doing something

va anocheciendo it's getting dark

3 to go.

le va bien en su nuevo trabajo things are going well for him in his new job

su negocio va mal his business is going badly

¿cómo te va? how are you doing?

4 to go.

estas tazas van con estos platos these cups go with these saucers

5 to go, to belong.

esto no va ahí that doesn't go o belong there

6 to go, to leave (marcharse).

irse a to go to

¡vete! go away!

El bus va por el camino The bus goes down the road.

7 to go (to search).

ir (a) por algo/alguien to go and get something/somebody, to go and fetch something/somebody (peninsular Spanish)

8 to go (to consume, to disappear).

se ha ido la luz there's been a power cut

9 to be going (intención).

ir a hacer algo to be going to do something

te voy a echar de menos I'm going to miss you

10 to get (to change).

ir a mejor/peor to get better/worse

11 to work.

la manivela va floja the crank is loose

la televisión no va the television isn't working

12 to be meant (comentario, indirecta).

ir por alguien to be meant for somebody, to be aimed at somebody

13 to suit (clothes).

irle (bien) a alguien to suit somebody

esta camisa no va con esos pantalones this shirt doesn't go with these trousers

14 to do (tratamiento).

irle bien a alguien to do somebody good

15 to like, to care.

no me va el pop I don't like pop music (peninsular Spanish)

ni me va ni me viene I don't care one way or the other

16 to attend.

Ricardo va en las tardes Richard attends in the afternoons.

17 to be doing, to make out.

Me va bien I am doing well.

18 to keep on, to keep.

Ir caminando Keep on walking.

19 to go for.

Me va bien el negocio The business goes well for me

20 to match.

Estas medias van These socks match.

* * *

IR

CONJUGACIÓN

Present Indicative

voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van.

Imperfect Subjunctive

iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban.

Past Indicative

fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.

Present Subjunctive

vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan.

Imperfect Subjunctive

fuera, fueras, fuera, fuéramos, fuerais, fueran;

fuese, fueses, fuese, fuésemos, fueseis, fuesen.

Future Subjunctive

fuere, fueres, fuere, fuéremos, fuereis, fueren.

Imperative

ve (tú), vaya (él/Vd.), vayamos (nos.), id (vos.), vayan (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

1) to go

2) get on

3) extend

•

- ir a
- ir a pie
- irse
* * *
Para las expresiones ir de vacaciones, ir de veras, ir dado, irse de la lengua, ver la otra entrada.
1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO

1) (=marchar)

a) [indicando movimiento, acción] to go

anoche fuimos al cine — we went to the cinema last night

¿has ido alguna vez a Quito? — have you ever been to Quito?

¿a qué colegio vas? — what school do you go to?

esta carretera va a Huesca — this road goes to Huesca, this is the road to Huesca

íbamos hacia Sevilla — we were going towards Seville

ir hasta León — to go as far as León

ir despacio — to go slow(ly)

ir con tiento — to go carefully {o} cautiously

¡ya voy!, ¡ahora voy! — coming!, I'll be right there!

vamos a casa — let's go home

¿quién va? — (Mil) who goes there?

b) [indicando la forma de transporte]

• ir [andando] — to walk, go on foot

tuvimos que ir andando — we had to walk {o} go on foot

¿vas a ir andando o en autobús? — are you walking or going by bus?

• ir en [avión] — to fly

• ir en [bicicleta] — to ride

• ir a [caballo] — to ride

• fui en [coche] — I went by car, I drove

• ir a [pie] — to walk, go on foot

• fui en [tren] — I went by train {o} rail

c) [con complemento]

iba muy bien vestido — he was very well dressed

este reloj va atrasado — this clock is slow

iban muertos de risa por la calle — they were killing themselves laughing as they went down the street

d)

• ir (a) [por] — to go and get

voy (a) por el paraguas — I'll go and get the umbrella

voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch {o} get the doctor

voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

2) [indicando proceso]

a) [persona]

¿cómo va el paciente? — how's the patient doing?

el enfermo va mejor — the patient is improving {o} doing better

el enfermo va peor — the patient has got worse

b) [acción, obra] to go

¿cómo va el ensayo? — how's the essay going?, how are you getting on with the essay?

¿cómo va el partido? — what's the score?

¿cómo va eso? — how are things (going)?

todo va bien — everything's fine, everything's going well

los resultados van a mejor — the results are improving {o} getting better

c)

• ir [por], ¿te has leído ya el libro? ¿por dónde vas? — have you read the book yet? whereabouts are you? {o} how far have you got?

ir por la mitad de algo — to be halfway through sth

la película ya va por la mitad — it's already half way through the film

íbamos por la mitad de nuestro viaje — we were half way there

3) [indicando manera, posición]

ese cuadro debería ir encima del sofá — that picture should go over the sofa

lo que te dijo iba en serio — he meant what he said (to you)

4) (=extenderse) to go, stretch

la pradera va desde la montaña hasta el mar — the grasslands go {o} stretch from the mountains to the sea

• [en lo que] va de año — so far this year

en lo que va de semana hemos recibido cientos de llamadas — we've had hundreds of calls so far this week

en lo que va desde 1950 hasta nuestros días — from 1950 up until now

5) [indicando distancia, diferencia]

va mucho de uno a otro — there's a lot of difference between them

¡lo que va del padre al hijo! — what a difference there is between father and son!, father and son are nothing like each other!

de 7 a 9 van 2 — the difference between 7 and 9 is 2; [en resta] 7 from 9 leaves 2

6) [indicando acumulación]

con este van 30 — that makes 30 (with this one)

van ya tres llamadas y no contesta — we've called him three times and he doesn't answer

7) [en apuestas]

van cinco pesos a que no lo haces — I bet you five pesos you won't do it

¿cuánto va? — how much do you bet?

8) (=vestir)

ir con pantalones — to be wearing trousers

¿con qué ropa {o} cómo fuiste a la boda? — what did you wear to the wedding?

iba de rojo — she was dressed in red, she was wearing red

la que va de negro — the girl in black
etiqueta 2)
9)

irle a algn —

a) [indicando importancia]

nos va mucho en esto — we have a lot riding on this

le va la vida en ello — his life depends on it

- ni me va ni me viene

b) [indicando situación]

¿cómo te va? — how are things?, how are you doing?

¿cómo te va en los estudios? — how are you getting on with your studies?

¡que te vaya bien! — take care!

c) (=sentar) to suit

¿me va bien esto? — does this suit me?

no le va bien el sombrero — the hat doesn't suit her

d) * (=gustar)

no me va nada ese rollo — I'm not into that sort of thing *

ese tipo de gente no me va — I don't get on with that type of people

le va al Cruz Azul — Méx (Dep) he supports Cruz Azul

10) [seguido de preposición]
ir con (=acompañar, combinar) to go with
no quería ir con ella a ninguna parte — I didn't want to go anywhere with her

iba con su madre — he was with his mother

esta fotocopia debe ir con la carta — this photocopy has to go (in) with the letter

yo voy con el Real Madrid — I support Real Madrid

el marrón no va bien con el azul — brown and blue don't go together

eso de ser famosa no va con ella — being famous doesn't agree with her
ir de
¿de qué va la película? — what's the film about?

la película va nada más que de sexo — the film is all sex

no sabe de qué va el rollo — * he doesn't know what it's all about

va de intelectual por la vida — * he acts the intellectual all the time

¿de qué vas? — * what are you on about? *
ir para
va para los 40 — he's getting on for 40, he's knocking on 40

va para viejo — he's getting old

va para arquitecto — he's going to be an architect

va para cinco años que entré en la Universidad — it's getting on for five years since I started University
ir por [indicando intención]
eso no va por usted — I wasn't referring to you, that wasn't meant for you

¡va por los novios! — (here's) to the bride and groom!
ir tras to go after
se dio cuenta de que iban tras él — he realized they were after him

ir tras una chica — to chase (after) a girl

11) [otras locuciones]

• [a lo que] iba — as I was saying

• ir a algn [con] algo, siempre le iba con sus problemas — he always went to her with his problems

• [¿dónde] vas?, -¿le regalamos un equipo de música? -¿dónde vas? con un libro tiene bastante — "shall we give him a stereo?" - "what do you mean? a book is fine"

-¿le pido disculpas? -¿dónde vas? deja que sea él quien se disculpe — "shall I apologize?" - "what are you talking about? let him be the one to apologize"

• si vamos a [eso] — for that matter

a eso voy — I'm coming to that

pues, a eso voy — that's what I mean, that's what I'm getting at

• es el [no] va más — * it's the ultimate

• ir de mal en [peor] — to go from bad to worse

• ir a lo [suyo] — to do one's own thing; pey to look after Number One

aquí cada uno va a lo suyo — everyone does their own thing here

• ir y [venir], era un constante ir y venir de ambulancias — ambulances were constantly coming and going

llevo todo el día yendo y viniendo de un lado al otro de la ciudad — I've spent all day going from one end of town to the other

cuando tú vas, yo ya he venido — I've been there before, I've seen it all before

• ir [y], ahora va y me dice que no viene — now he goes and tells me he's not coming

fue y se marchó — Méx * he just upped and left *
lejos 1., 1)
12) [exclamaciones]
¡vaya! [indicando sorpresa] well!; [indicando enfado] damn!
¡vaya! ¿qué haces tú por aquí? — well, what a surprise! what are you doing here?

¡vaya, vaya! — well I'm blowed! *

¡vaya coche! — what a car!, that's some car!

¡vaya susto que me pegué! — I got such a fright!, what a fright I got!

¡vaya con el niño! — that damn kid! *
¡vamos! [dando ánimos] come on!; [para ponerse en marcha] let's go!
¡vamos! ¡di algo! — come on! say something!

vamos, no es difícil — come on, it's not difficult

una chica, vamos, una mujer — a girl, well, a woman

es molesto, pero ¡vamos! — it's a nuisance, but there it is
¡qué va!
-¿no me vas a echar la bronca? -no, qué va — "you're not going to tell me off, are you?" - "of course I'm not"

¿perder la liga? ¡qué va, hombre! — lose the league? you must be joking!

2.

VERBO AUXILIAR
ir a ({+ infin}) to go
fui a verle — I went to see him

vamos a hacerlo — [afirmando] we are going to do it; [exhortando] let's do it

tras muchas vueltas fuimos a dar con la calle Serrano — after driving round for ages we eventually found Serrano Street

¿cómo lo iba a tener? — how could he have had it?

¡no lo va a saber! — of course he knows!

¿no irás a decirme que no lo sabías? — you're not going to tell me you didn't know?

¿no irá a soplar? — ** I hope he's not going to split on us *

• no vaya a [ser] que..., no salgas no vaya a ser que venga — don't go out in case she comes
ir ({+ gerund})
iba anocheciendo — it was getting dark

iban fumando — they were smoking

¿quién va ganando? — who's winning?

fueron hablando todo el camino — they talked the whole way there

como iba diciendo — as I was saying

¡voy corriendo! — I'll be right there!

id pensando en el tema que queréis tratar — be {o} start thinking about the subject you want to deal with

hemos ido consiguiendo lo que queríamos — we found what we wanted eventually

voy comprendiendo que... — I am beginning to see that...
ir ({+ participio})
van escritas tres cartas — that's three letters I've written

va vendido todo — everything has been sold

3.

See:

irse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

Sentido I

1)

a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go

ir en taxi — to go by taxi

iban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot

ir por mar — to go by sea

Fernando! - voy! — Fernando! - (just) coming! o I'll be right there!

lo oía ir y venir por la habitación — I could hear him pacing up and down the room

el ir y venir de los invitados — the coming and going of the guests

no hago más que ir y venir de un lado para otro — I do nothing but run around

voy al mercado — I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market (colloq)

vamos a casa — let's go home

¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?

¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?

ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting

ya vamos para allá — we're on our way

¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?

a eso voy — I'm just coming o getting to that

¿dónde vas/va/van? — (Esp fam) ( frente a una exageración)

¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?

¿dejamos 500 de propina? - dónde vas! — shall we leave 500 as a tip? - you must be joking o kidding!

ir a dar a un lugar — ver parar

ir a por alguien — (Esp)

ha ido a por su madre — he's gone to get his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up

ten cuidado, que va a por ti — watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you

el perro fue a por él — the dog went for him

ir por or (Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread; no irla con algo (RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't go along with all this liberalism; no me/le va ni me/le viene (fam) (no me, le concierne) it's none of my/his/her business; (ne me, le afecta) it doesn't affect me/him/her; allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres — when in Rome, do as the Romans do

b) ( asistir) to go to

voy a clases nocturnas — I go to evening classes

ya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university

2) ( expresando propósito)

ir a + inf: ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?; ve a ayudarla — go and help her; ver tb v aux I

3)

irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher

4)

a) (al arrojar algo, arrojarse)

tírame la llave - allá va! — throw me the key - here you are o there you go!

tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!

b) (Jueg)

ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000

no va más! — no more bets!

ahí va! — (Esp fam)

ahí va! me he olvidado el dinero — oh no! I've forgotten the money

ganó 20 millones en la lotería - ahí va! — he won 20 million in the lottery - wow o (AmE) gee whiz! (colloq)

5) comentario

no iba con mala intención — it wasn't meant unkindly

eso va por ti también — that goes for you too o and the same goes for you

6) ( estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc)

le iba la vida en ello — her life depended on it o was at stake

7) (fam) (hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes)

fue y le dio un puñetazo — she went and punched him

y la tonta va y se lo cree — and like an idiot she believed him

Sentido II

8) (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento)

iban cantando por el camino — they sang as they went along

¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?

¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?

íbamos sentados — we were sitting down

vas que pareces un pordiosero — you look like some sort of beggar

iba con miedo — she was afraid

vas muy cargada — you have a lot to carry

yo iba a la cabeza — I was in the lead

hay que ir con los ojos bien abiertos — you have to keep your eyes open

va de chasco en chasco — he's had one disappointment after another

9) ( refiriéndose al atuendo)

ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green

10) ( en calidad de)

ir de algo — to go (along) as something

yo fui de intérprete — I went along as interpreter

¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? — (Esp arg) hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?

va de guapo/genio por la vida — (Esp arg) he really thinks he's good-looking/clever

11) (Esp fam) ( tratar)

¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?

Sentido III

12) camino/sendero ( llevar)

ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something

13) (extenderse, abarcar)

la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia — the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia

el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento — the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

Sentido IV

14) (marchar, desarrollarse)

¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?

va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿cómo te va? — how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq)

¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?

me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview

que te vaya bien! — all the best! o take care!

que te vaya bien (en) el examen! — good luck in the exam

¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?

15) (en juegos, competiciones)

¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1

voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning

16) ( en el desarrollo de algo)

ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?

17) ( estar en camino)

ir para algo: vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!; va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty; ya va para dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

18) (sumar, hacer)

ya van tres veces que te lo digo — this is the third time I've told you

con éste van seis — six, counting this one

ya van tres pasteles que se come — that makes three cakes he's eaten now

19) ( haber transcurrido)

en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes — so far this year/month

20) ( haber diferencia)

de tres a ocho van cinco — eight minus three is five

lo que va de un hermano a otro! — (fam) it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! (colloq)

21) (CS) (depender, radicar)

ir en algo — to depend on something

no sé en qué vá — I don't know what it depends on

Sentido V

22)

a) ( deber colocarse) to go

¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?

qué va! — (fam)

¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!

¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!

vamos a perder el avión - qué va! — we're going to miss the plane - nonsense!

b) ( deber escribirse)

¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?

¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?

c) (RPl) ( estar incluido)

todo esto va para el examen — all of this will be included in the exam

23)

a) ( combinar)

ir con algo — to go with something

b) (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

el negro no te va bien — black doesn't suit you

te irá bien un descanso — a rest will do you good

c)

ir en contra de algo — to go against something

24) (Esp arg) ( gustar) (+ me/te/le etc)

esa música no me va — that music does nothing for me o leaves me cold

25) (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar)

irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody

le va al equipo peruano — he supports the Peruvian team

Sentido VI

26) vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio)

vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? — come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa)

vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him

vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!

dar el vamos a algo — (Chi) to inaugurate something

desde el vamos — (RPl fam) from the word go

c) (al aclarar, resumir)

eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy

es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway

27) vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad)

vaya! tú por aquí! — what a surprise! what are you doing here?

vaya! se me ha vuelto a caer! — oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!

b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar)

vaya cochazo! — that's some car!

vaya (que) si la conozco! — you bet I know her!

c) (al aclarar, resumir)

vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse
2.
ir v aux

Sentido I

1)

ir a + inf —

2)

a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf

te vas a caer! — you're going to fall!

voy a estudiar medicina — I'm going to study medicine

va a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

esto no te va a gustar — you're not going to like this

te voy a pegar — I'm going to smack you

b) (en propuestas, sugerencias)

vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?

bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work

3)

a) (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones)

que no se te vaya a caer — make sure you don't drop it

cuidado, no te vayas a caer — mind you don't fall (colloq)

lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains

b) ( expresando un deseo)

que te vaya bien! — all the best!

4) ( expresando inevitabilidad)

qué le iba a decir! — what else could I tell her?

¿qué iba a pensar el pobre? — what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?

¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?

¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?

5) ( expresando incredulidad)

no irás a darle la razón a él! — surely you're not going to say he was right!

6)

a) ( en afirmaciones enfáticas)

¿te acuerdas? - no me voy a acordar! — do you remember - of course I do o how could I forget?

b) ( al contradecir)

¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?

cómo iba a saberlo! — how was I supposed to know?

¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?

Sentido II

7) ( expresando un proceso paulatino)

ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse
3.
irse v pron

1) ( marcharse) to leave

¿por qué te vas tan temprano? — why are you leaving o going so soon?

vámonos — let's go

bueno, me voy — right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off

no te vayas — don't go

vete a la cama — go to bed

se fue de casa — she left home

vete de aquí — get out of here

se fue de la empresa — she left the company

se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away

anda, vete por ahí — (fam) get lost! (colloq); (+ me/te/le etc)

se nos fué a vivir a Florida — he went (off) to live in Florida

no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo — (fam) don't run away, I want to talk to you (colloq)

2) (consumirse, gastarse)

cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler — half my salary goes on the rent

qué rápido se me ha ido la tarde! — hasn't the evening gone quickly?

3) ( desaparecer) mancha/dolor to go

se ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?

4) (salirse, escaparse) líquido/gas to escape; (+ me/te/le etc)

se le está yendo el aire al globo — the balloon's losing air o going down

5) (euf) ( morirse) to slip away (euph)

6) (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl)

irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back

me iba para atrás — I was falling backwards

frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante — he braked and we all went flying forwards

7) (andarse, actuar) (+ compl)

vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful

8)

a) (CS) ( en naipes) to go out

b) (RPl) ( en una asignatura) tb

irse a examen — to have to take an exam

9) (Andes, Ven) medias to run

se me fueron las medias — my tights have run

* * *

= attend, go, run, go over, saunter, come, go forth.

Ex. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.

Ex. It was 'exceedingly inconvenient' because the books were entered in it 'where no person who goes to consult the catalogue would expect to find them'.

Ex. Arabic numerals are used to denote further divisions, in an integral manner, running from 1 to 9999, as necessary.

Ex. Compassion shadowed the trustee's face -- she could see he was desperate -- and compassion was in her voice as she answered: 'All right, I'll go over this afternoon'.

Ex. She sauntered back to her desk, intending to work, and was a little perturbed to find that she could not work.

Ex. This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.

Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.

----

* algo va mal = something is amiss.

* ¡allá voy! = here I come!.

* a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.

* cosas + ir bien = things + go well.

* descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.

* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.

* donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).

* el no va más = the be all and end all.

* empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.

* empezar a irse al garete = be on the skids.

* empezar a irse al garete, empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids.

* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.

* ir a = get to, turn to, refer to, be out to, head for, come to, take + a trip to, go to.

* ir a casa de = make + house calls.

* ir acompañado de = come with.

* ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.

* ir a contra reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.

* ir a cuestas de = piggyback [piggy-back].

* ir a dar un paseo = go for + a stroll.

* ir a + Infinitivo = be to + Infinitivo.

* ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.

* ir a jucio, ser juzgado, ser procesado = stand for + trial.

* ir a la baja = be down.

* ir a la bancarrota = go + belly up.

* ir a la cárcel = serve + time.

* ir a la escuela = go to + school.

* ir a la guerra = go to + war.

* ir a la par = proceed + in parallel.

* ir a la par con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.

* ir a las mil maravillas = go + great guns, go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, be fine and dandy.

* ir a la zaga = trail, trail behind, lag + behind.

* ir al centro = go + downtown.

* ir al cine = go to + the cinema, movie-going.

* ir al grano = cut to + the chase.

* ir a lo seguro = play it + safe.

* ir al pub = go to + the pub.

* ir al teatro = go to + the theatre, theatre-going.

* ir a + Lugar = trot off + Lugar.

* ir al unísono = be hand in hand.

* ir al unísono con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.

* ir a otro sitio = go + elsewhere.

* ir a pie = leg it.

* ir a por = go for.

* ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.

* ir a tientas y a ciegas = bump around + in the dark, fumble.

* ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.

* ir a un Lugar en coche = drive out to.

* ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.

* ir a ver = drop in on, check out.

* ir a ver a Alguien = say + hi.

* ir a ver a Alguien a su casa = home-visiting.

* ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.

* ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.

* ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.

* ir con = go with, come with.

* ir con la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.

* ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.

* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.

* ir contracorriente = go against + the flow.

* ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.

* ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.

* ir cuesta abajo = go + downhill.

* ir de... a... = proceed from... to....

* ir de... a = make + transition from... to..., range from... to..., go from... to..., work from... to, stretch from... to..., ricochet from... to.

* ir de acampada = camp.

* ir de aquí a allá = go out and about.

* ir de aquí para allá = ply, bustle, jump, live out of + a suitcase, run + here and there.

* ir de aquí para allá sin rumbo fijo = freewheel.

* ir de compras = go + shopping.

* ir de copas = go for + a drink.

* ir de + Dirección = work from + Dirección.

* ir de excursión = hike.

* ir de excursión por la montaña = go + tracking.

* ir de la mano = go + hand in hand (with), be hand in hand.

* ir delante = lead + the way.

* ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.

* ir demasiado lejos = overstate + case, go + too far.

* ir de paquete = pillion riding, ride + pillion .

* ir de perlas = come up + a treat, work + a treat, go down + a treat.

* ir de putas = whoring.

* ir descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir de tranqui = play it + cool.

* ir detrás de = chase after, lag + behind.

* ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.

* ir de un sitio para otro = run around.

* ir de vacaciones = go on + vacation, go on + holidays.

* ir de viaje de novios = honeymoon.

* ir dirigido a = be geared to, target, aim at.

* ir en = ride.

* ir en aumento = be on the increase.

* ir en bici = bike.

* ir en bicicleta = cycle.

* ir encaminado hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to.

* ir en caravana = go in + (a) convoy, drive in + (a) convoy.

* ir en contra de = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* ir en contra de la corriente = go against + the flow.

* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.

* ir en contra del reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.

* ir en contra del sentido común = violate + common sense.

* ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.

* ir en contra del tiempo = race against + time, race against + the clock.

* ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.

* ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.

* ir en el asiento trasero = pillion riding, ride + pillion .

* ir en moto = bike.

* ir en paralelo con = run + parallel to.

* ir entre = go between.

* ir hacia = head for.

* ir hacia atrás = page + backward.

* ir hacia delante = page + forward.

* ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.

* irle Algo a Alguien = fare.

* irle a Uno = make out.

* ir mal = go + wrong.

* ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir marcha atrás = back up.

* ir más allá = go + one stage further.

* ir más allá de = go beyond, go + deeper than, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.

* ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.

* ir más despacio = slow down, slow up.

* ir más lejos = go + one stage further.

* ir montado en + Vehículo = ride + Vehículo.

* ir muy atrasado = be way behind schedule.

* ir muy por detrás de = be far behind.

* ir pegado a = hug.

* ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.

* ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.

* ir por buen camino = be on the right track.

* ir por detrás = be behind, trail, trail behind, lag.

* ir por detrás de = lag + behind.

* ir por el buen camino = be right on track.

* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir primero = lead + the way.

* ir rápido = fly.

* ir retrasado con el trabajo = be behind in + Posesivo + work.

* ir rumbo a = be on the road to.

* irse = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway.

* irse a casa = go + home.

* irse a freír espárragos = naff off.

* irse a la cama = retire + at night.

* irse a la mierda = naff off.

* irse a la porra = go + pear-shaped, go down + the tube, go down + the drain.

* irse al carajo = go + pear-shaped, go to + shit.

* irse al cuerno = naff off.

* irse al diablo = naff off.

* irse al garete = go + kaput, be kaput, be up the spout.

* irse al traste = come + unstuck, go + kaput, be kaput, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, go to + shit, be up the spout.

* irse al trasto = go + pear-shaped.

* irse a paseo = naff off.

* irse a pique = founder, bite + the dust, give up + the ghost, come + unstuck, go + pear-shaped, go + kaput, be kaput, go + haywire, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, be up the spout.

* irse a tomar por culo = naff off.

* irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.

* irse de casa = leave + home.

* irse de jarana = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de juerga = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de la lengua = spill + the beans, shoot + Posesivo + mouth off, let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff.

* irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de parranda = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de picos pardos = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.

* irse de vacaciones = vacation.

* irse enojado dando zapatazos = stomp away.

* irse inadvertidamente = slip away.

* irse la cabeza = go + bananas.

* írsele a Uno Algo de las manos = get out of + hand.

* írsele a Uno el santo al cielo = lose + track of time, it + go + right/straight out of + Posesivo + mind.

* írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.

* írsele la mano a Uno = overplay + Posesivo + hand.

* irse para siempre = go + forever.

* irse por las ramas = go off + the track, get off + the track, go off on + another track, fly off on + a tangent, go off on + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off at + a tangent.

* irse por la tangente = wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.

* ir sobre ruedas = go off without + a hitch.

* ir sobre seguro = be on secure ground, play it + safe.

* ir tirando = get along + in the world, shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.

* ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* ir todo bien = be fine.

* ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.

* ir unido a = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).

* ir viento en popa = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.

* ir volando = hurtle, hot-foot it to.

* ir y venir = come and go.

* ir zumbando = whiz.

* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.

* no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.

* para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.

* partido de ida = away game.

* pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.

* persona que va al cine = moviegoer [movie-goer].

* público al que va dirigido = intended audience, subject audience, target audience, targeted audience.

* que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.

* quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....

* ser hora de irse = be time to go.

* ser lo que a Uno le va = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.

* situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.

* si vamos a eso = for that matter.

* todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.

* va a = gonna [going to].

* vete a la mierda = fuck off.

* véte al carajo = drop dead!.

* véte al cuerno = drop dead!.

* vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.

* ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

Sentido I

1)

a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go

ir en taxi — to go by taxi

iban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot

ir por mar — to go by sea

Fernando! - voy! — Fernando! - (just) coming! o I'll be right there!

lo oía ir y venir por la habitación — I could hear him pacing up and down the room

el ir y venir de los invitados — the coming and going of the guests

no hago más que ir y venir de un lado para otro — I do nothing but run around

voy al mercado — I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market (colloq)

vamos a casa — let's go home

¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?

¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?

ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting

ya vamos para allá — we're on our way

¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?

a eso voy — I'm just coming o getting to that

¿dónde vas/va/van? — (Esp fam) ( frente a una exageración)

¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?

¿dejamos 500 de propina? - dónde vas! — shall we leave 500 as a tip? - you must be joking o kidding!

ir a dar a un lugar — ver parar

ir a por alguien — (Esp)

ha ido a por su madre — he's gone to get his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up

ten cuidado, que va a por ti — watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you

el perro fue a por él — the dog went for him

ir por or (Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread; no irla con algo (RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't go along with all this liberalism; no me/le va ni me/le viene (fam) (no me, le concierne) it's none of my/his/her business; (ne me, le afecta) it doesn't affect me/him/her; allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres — when in Rome, do as the Romans do

b) ( asistir) to go to

voy a clases nocturnas — I go to evening classes

ya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university

2) ( expresando propósito)

ir a + inf: ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?; ve a ayudarla — go and help her; ver tb v aux I

3)

irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher

4)

a) (al arrojar algo, arrojarse)

tírame la llave - allá va! — throw me the key - here you are o there you go!

tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!

b) (Jueg)

ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000

no va más! — no more bets!

ahí va! — (Esp fam)

ahí va! me he olvidado el dinero — oh no! I've forgotten the money

ganó 20 millones en la lotería - ahí va! — he won 20 million in the lottery - wow o (AmE) gee whiz! (colloq)

5) comentario

no iba con mala intención — it wasn't meant unkindly

eso va por ti también — that goes for you too o and the same goes for you

6) ( estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc)

le iba la vida en ello — her life depended on it o was at stake

7) (fam) (hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes)

fue y le dio un puñetazo — she went and punched him

y la tonta va y se lo cree — and like an idiot she believed him

Sentido II

8) (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento)

iban cantando por el camino — they sang as they went along

¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?

¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?

íbamos sentados — we were sitting down

vas que pareces un pordiosero — you look like some sort of beggar

iba con miedo — she was afraid

vas muy cargada — you have a lot to carry

yo iba a la cabeza — I was in the lead

hay que ir con los ojos bien abiertos — you have to keep your eyes open

va de chasco en chasco — he's had one disappointment after another

9) ( refiriéndose al atuendo)

ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green

10) ( en calidad de)

ir de algo — to go (along) as something

yo fui de intérprete — I went along as interpreter

¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? — (Esp arg) hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?

va de guapo/genio por la vida — (Esp arg) he really thinks he's good-looking/clever

11) (Esp fam) ( tratar)

¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?

Sentido III

12) camino/sendero ( llevar)

ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something

13) (extenderse, abarcar)

la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia — the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia

el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento — the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

Sentido IV

14) (marchar, desarrollarse)

¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?

va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿cómo te va? — how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq)

¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?

me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview

que te vaya bien! — all the best! o take care!

que te vaya bien (en) el examen! — good luck in the exam

¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?

15) (en juegos, competiciones)

¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1

voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning

16) ( en el desarrollo de algo)

ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?

17) ( estar en camino)

ir para algo: vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!; va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty; ya va para dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

18) (sumar, hacer)

ya van tres veces que te lo digo — this is the third time I've told you

con éste van seis — six, counting this one

ya van tres pasteles que se come — that makes three cakes he's eaten now

19) ( haber transcurrido)

en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes — so far this year/month

20) ( haber diferencia)

de tres a ocho van cinco — eight minus three is five

lo que va de un hermano a otro! — (fam) it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! (colloq)

21) (CS) (depender, radicar)

ir en algo — to depend on something

no sé en qué vá — I don't know what it depends on

Sentido V

22)

a) ( deber colocarse) to go

¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?

qué va! — (fam)

¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!

¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!

vamos a perder el avión - qué va! — we're going to miss the plane - nonsense!

b) ( deber escribirse)

¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?

¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?

c) (RPl) ( estar incluido)

todo esto va para el examen — all of this will be included in the exam

23)

a) ( combinar)

ir con algo — to go with something

b) (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

el negro no te va bien — black doesn't suit you

te irá bien un descanso — a rest will do you good

c)

ir en contra de algo — to go against something

24) (Esp arg) ( gustar) (+ me/te/le etc)

esa música no me va — that music does nothing for me o leaves me cold

25) (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar)

irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody

le va al equipo peruano — he supports the Peruvian team

Sentido VI

26) vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio)

vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? — come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa)

vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him

vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!

dar el vamos a algo — (Chi) to inaugurate something

desde el vamos — (RPl fam) from the word go

c) (al aclarar, resumir)

eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy

es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway

27) vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad)

vaya! tú por aquí! — what a surprise! what are you doing here?

vaya! se me ha vuelto a caer! — oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!

b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar)

vaya cochazo! — that's some car!

vaya (que) si la conozco! — you bet I know her!

c) (al aclarar, resumir)

vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse
2.
ir v aux

Sentido I

1)

ir a + inf —

2)

a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf

te vas a caer! — you're going to fall!

voy a estudiar medicina — I'm going to study medicine

va a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

esto no te va a gustar — you're not going to like this

te voy a pegar — I'm going to smack you

b) (en propuestas, sugerencias)

vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?

bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work

3)

a) (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones)

que no se te vaya a caer — make sure you don't drop it

cuidado, no te vayas a caer — mind you don't fall (colloq)

lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains

b) ( expresando un deseo)

que te vaya bien! — all the best!

4) ( expresando inevitabilidad)

qué le iba a decir! — what else could I tell her?

¿qué iba a pensar el pobre? — what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?

¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?

¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?

5) ( expresando incredulidad)

no irás a darle la razón a él! — surely you're not going to say he was right!

6)

a) ( en afirmaciones enfáticas)

¿te acuerdas? - no me voy a acordar! — do you remember - of course I do o how could I forget?

b) ( al contradecir)

¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?

cómo iba a saberlo! — how was I supposed to know?

¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?

Sentido II

7) ( expresando un proceso paulatino)

ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse
3.
irse v pron

1) ( marcharse) to leave

¿por qué te vas tan temprano? — why are you leaving o going so soon?

vámonos — let's go

bueno, me voy — right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off

no te vayas — don't go

vete a la cama — go to bed

se fue de casa — she left home

vete de aquí — get out of here

se fue de la empresa — she left the company

se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away

anda, vete por ahí — (fam) get lost! (colloq); (+ me/te/le etc)

se nos fué a vivir a Florida — he went (off) to live in Florida

no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo — (fam) don't run away, I want to talk to you (colloq)

2) (consumirse, gastarse)

cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler — half my salary goes on the rent

qué rápido se me ha ido la tarde! — hasn't the evening gone quickly?

3) ( desaparecer) mancha/dolor to go

se ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?

4) (salirse, escaparse) líquido/gas to escape; (+ me/te/le etc)

se le está yendo el aire al globo — the balloon's losing air o going down

5) (euf) ( morirse) to slip away (euph)

6) (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl)

irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back

me iba para atrás — I was falling backwards

frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante — he braked and we all went flying forwards

7) (andarse, actuar) (+ compl)

vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful

8)

a) (CS) ( en naipes) to go out

b) (RPl) ( en una asignatura) tb

irse a examen — to have to take an exam

9) (Andes, Ven) medias to run

se me fueron las medias — my tights have run

* * *

= attend, go, run, go over, saunter, come, go forth.

Ex: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.

Ex: It was 'exceedingly inconvenient' because the books were entered in it 'where no person who goes to consult the catalogue would expect to find them'.

Ex: Arabic numerals are used to denote further divisions, in an integral manner, running from 1 to 9999, as necessary.

Ex: Compassion shadowed the trustee's face -- she could see he was desperate -- and compassion was in her voice as she answered: 'All right, I'll go over this afternoon'.

Ex: She sauntered back to her desk, intending to work, and was a little perturbed to find that she could not work.

Ex: This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.

Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.

* algo va mal = something is amiss.

* ¡allá voy! = here I come!.

* a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.

* cosas + ir bien = things + go well.

* descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.

* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.

* donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).

* el no va más = the be all and end all.

* empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.

* empezar a irse al garete = be on the skids.

* empezar a irse al garete, empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids.

* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.

* ir a = get to, turn to, refer to, be out to, head for, come to, take + a trip to, go to.

* ir a casa de = make + house calls.

* ir acompañado de = come with.

* ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.

* ir a contra reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.

* ir a cuestas de = piggyback [piggy-back].

* ir a dar un paseo = go for + a stroll.

* ir a + Infinitivo = be to + Infinitivo.

* ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.

* ir a jucio, ser juzgado, ser procesado = stand for + trial.

* ir a la baja = be down.

* ir a la bancarrota = go + belly up.

* ir a la cárcel = serve + time.

* ir a la escuela = go to + school.

* ir a la guerra = go to + war.

* ir a la par = proceed + in parallel.

* ir a la par con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.

* ir a las mil maravillas = go + great guns, go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, be fine and dandy.

* ir a la zaga = trail, trail behind, lag + behind.

* ir al centro = go + downtown.

* ir al cine = go to + the cinema, movie-going.

* ir al grano = cut to + the chase.

* ir a lo seguro = play it + safe.

* ir al pub = go to + the pub.

* ir al teatro = go to + the theatre, theatre-going.

* ir a + Lugar = trot off + Lugar.

* ir al unísono = be hand in hand.

* ir al unísono con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.

* ir a otro sitio = go + elsewhere.

* ir a pie = leg it.

* ir a por = go for.

* ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.

* ir a tientas y a ciegas = bump around + in the dark, fumble.

* ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.

* ir a un Lugar en coche = drive out to.

* ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.

* ir a ver = drop in on, check out.

* ir a ver a Alguien = say + hi.

* ir a ver a Alguien a su casa = home-visiting.

* ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.

* ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.

* ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.

* ir con = go with, come with.

* ir con la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.

* ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.

* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.

* ir contracorriente = go against + the flow.

* ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.

* ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.

* ir cuesta abajo = go + downhill.

* ir de... a... = proceed from... to....

* ir de... a = make + transition from... to..., range from... to..., go from... to..., work from... to, stretch from... to..., ricochet from... to.

* ir de acampada = camp.

* ir de aquí a allá = go out and about.

* ir de aquí para allá = ply, bustle, jump, live out of + a suitcase, run + here and there.

* ir de aquí para allá sin rumbo fijo = freewheel.

* ir de compras = go + shopping.

* ir de copas = go for + a drink.

* ir de + Dirección = work from + Dirección.

* ir de excursión = hike.

* ir de excursión por la montaña = go + tracking.

* ir de la mano = go + hand in hand (with), be hand in hand.

* ir delante = lead + the way.

* ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.

* ir demasiado lejos = overstate + case, go + too far.

* ir de paquete = pillion riding, ride + pillion.

* ir de perlas = come up + a treat, work + a treat, go down + a treat.

* ir de putas = whoring.

* ir descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir de tranqui = play it + cool.

* ir detrás de = chase after, lag + behind.

* ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.

* ir de un sitio para otro = run around.

* ir de vacaciones = go on + vacation, go on + holidays.

* ir de viaje de novios = honeymoon.

* ir dirigido a = be geared to, target, aim at.

* ir en = ride.

* ir en aumento = be on the increase.

* ir en bici = bike.

* ir en bicicleta = cycle.

* ir encaminado hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to.

* ir en caravana = go in + (a) convoy, drive in + (a) convoy.

* ir en contra de = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* ir en contra de la corriente = go against + the flow.

* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.

* ir en contra del reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.

* ir en contra del sentido común = violate + common sense.

* ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.

* ir en contra del tiempo = race against + time, race against + the clock.

* ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.

* ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.

* ir en el asiento trasero = pillion riding, ride + pillion.

* ir en moto = bike.

* ir en paralelo con = run + parallel to.

* ir entre = go between.

* ir hacia = head for.

* ir hacia atrás = page + backward.

* ir hacia delante = page + forward.

* ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.

* irle Algo a Alguien = fare.

* irle a Uno = make out.

* ir mal = go + wrong.

* ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir marcha atrás = back up.

* ir más allá = go + one stage further.

* ir más allá de = go beyond, go + deeper than, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.

* ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.

* ir más despacio = slow down, slow up.

* ir más lejos = go + one stage further.

* ir montado en + Vehículo = ride + Vehículo.

* ir muy atrasado = be way behind schedule.

* ir muy por detrás de = be far behind.

* ir pegado a = hug.

* ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.

* ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.

* ir por buen camino = be on the right track.

* ir por detrás = be behind, trail, trail behind, lag.

* ir por detrás de = lag + behind.

* ir por el buen camino = be right on track.

* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir primero = lead + the way.

* ir rápido = fly.

* ir retrasado con el trabajo = be behind in + Posesivo + work.

* ir rumbo a = be on the road to.

* irse = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway.

* irse a casa = go + home.

* irse a freír espárragos = naff off.

* irse a la cama = retire + at night.

* irse a la mierda = naff off.

* irse a la porra = go + pear-shaped, go down + the tube, go down + the drain.

* irse al carajo = go + pear-shaped, go to + shit.

* irse al cuerno = naff off.

* irse al diablo = naff off.

* irse al garete = go + kaput, be kaput, be up the spout.

* irse al traste = come + unstuck, go + kaput, be kaput, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, go to + shit, be up the spout.

* irse al trasto = go + pear-shaped.

* irse a paseo = naff off.

* irse a pique = founder, bite + the dust, give up + the ghost, come + unstuck, go + pear-shaped, go + kaput, be kaput, go + haywire, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, be up the spout.

* irse a tomar por culo = naff off.

* irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.

* irse de casa = leave + home.

* irse de jarana = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de juerga = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de la lengua = spill + the beans, shoot + Posesivo + mouth off, let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff.

* irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de parranda = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse de picos pardos = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.

* irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.

* irse de vacaciones = vacation.

* irse enojado dando zapatazos = stomp away.

* irse inadvertidamente = slip away.

* irse la cabeza = go + bananas.

* írsele a Uno Algo de las manos = get out of + hand.

* írsele a Uno el santo al cielo = lose + track of time, it + go + right/straight out of + Posesivo + mind.

* írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.

* írsele la mano a Uno = overplay + Posesivo + hand.

* irse para siempre = go + forever.

* irse por las ramas = go off + the track, get off + the track, go off on + another track, fly off on + a tangent, go off on + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off at + a tangent.

* irse por la tangente = wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.

* ir sobre ruedas = go off without + a hitch.

* ir sobre seguro = be on secure ground, play it + safe.

* ir tirando = get along + in the world, shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.

* ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* ir todo bien = be fine.

* ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.

* ir unido a = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).

* ir viento en popa = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.

* ir volando = hurtle, hot-foot it to.

* ir y venir = come and go.

* ir zumbando = whiz.

* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.

* no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.

* para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.

* partido de ida = away game.

* pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.

* persona que va al cine = moviegoer [movie-goer].

* público al que va dirigido = intended audience, subject audience, target audience, targeted audience.

* que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.

* quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....

* ser hora de irse = be time to go.

* ser lo que a Uno le va = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.

* situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.

* si vamos a eso = for that matter.

* todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.

* va a = gonna [going to].

* vete a la mierda = fuck off.

* véte al carajo = drop dead!.

* véte al cuerno = drop dead!.

* vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.

* ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).

* * *

ir [ I27 ]

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

■ ir (verbo intransitivo)

Sentido I

A trasladarse, desplazarse

B expresando propósito

C irle a alguien con algo

D

1 al arrojar algo, arrojarse

2 Juegos

E con comentarios

F estar en juego

G hablando de acciones imprevistas

Sentido II

A ir + complemento

B refiriéndose al atuendo

C en calidad de

D tratar

Sentido III

A llevar a

B extenderse, abarcar

Sentido IV

A marchar, desarrollarse

B en juegos, competiciones

C en el desarrollo de algo

D estar en camino

E sumar, hacer

F haber transcurrido

G haber una diferencia

H depender, radicar

Sentido V

A

1 deber colocarse

2 deber escribirse

3 estar incluido

B

1 combinar

2 sentar, convenir

3 ir en contra de algo

C gustar

D tomar partido por, apoyar

Sentido VI

A

1 expresando incredulidad etc

2 intentando tranquilizar, animar

3 al aclarar, resumir

B

1 expresando sorpresa, contrariedad

2 para enfatizar

3 al aclarar, resumir

■ ir (verbo auxiliar)

Sentido I

A

1 para expresar tiempo futuro

2 expresando intención, propósito

3 en propuestas, sugerencias

B al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones

C expresando inevitabilidad

D expresando incredulidad

E

1 en afirmaciones enfáticas

2 al contradecir

Sentido II expresando un proceso paulatino

■ irse (verbo pronominal)

A marcharse

B consumirse, gastarse

C desaparecer: mancha, dolor

D salirse, escaparse

E morirse

F caerse, perder el equilibrio

G andarse, actuar

H

1 en naipes

2 en una asignatura

I las medias

vi

Sentido I

A (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go

¿vamos en taxi? shall we go by taxi?

iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot

ir por mar to go by sea

¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right with you! o I'll be with you right away!

es la tercera vez que te llamo — ¡ya va or voy! this is the third time I've called you — alright, alright, I'm (just) coming!

¿quién va? who goes there?

lo oía ir y venir por la habitación I could hear him pacing up and down the room

el ir y venir de la gente por la avenida the to-ing and fro-ing of people along the avenue

el ir y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests

no he hecho más que ir y venir de un lado para otro sin conseguir nada I've done nothing but run around without getting anything done

voy al mercado I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market ( colloq)

vamos a casa let's go home

¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?

¿tú vas a misa? do you go to church?

nunca va a clase he never goes to o attends class

ir de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting

juerga, etc

ya vamos para allá we're on our way

¿para dónde vas? where are you headed (for)?, where are you heading (for)? ( BrE)

¿por dónde se va a la estación? how do you get to the station?

fuimos por el camino de la costa we went along o took the coastal route

no vayas por ese lado, es más largo don't go that way, it's longer

a eso voy/vamos I'm/we're just coming o getting to that

¿dónde vas/va/van? (frente a una exageración) ( fam): ¿dónde vas con tanto pan? what are you doing with all that bread?

¿dejamos 500 de propina? — ¡dónde vas! con 100 hay de sobra shall we leave 500 as a tip? — you must be joking o kidding! 100 will be more than enough

¡eh, dónde vas! te dije un poquito steady on o easy! I said I wanted a little bit

ir a dar a un lugar: ¿quién sabe dónde fue a dar la pelota? who knows where the ball got to o went?

nos tomamos un tren equivocado y fuimos a dar a Maroñas we took the wrong train and ended up in Maroñas

ir a por algn ( Esp): ha ido a por su madre he's gone to get o fetch his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up

ten cuidado, que va a por ti watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you

el perro fue a por él the dog went for him

ir por or ( Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread, I'm off to get some bread ( colloq)

no irla con algo ( RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't hold with o I don't go along with all this liberalism

no me/le va ni me/le viene ( fam); I'm/he's not in the least bit bothered, I don't/he doesn't mind at all

allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres when in Rome, do as the Romans do

B (expresando propósito) ir A + INF:

¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?

ve a ayudarla go and help her

fue a ayudarla he went to help her

¿me irías a comprar el pan? would you go and buy the bread for me?

ver tb ir v aux Sense I.

C

irle a algn con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems

a la maestra no le gusta que le vayan con chismes the teacher doesn't like people telling on each other o people coming to her with tales

D

1

(al arrojar algo, arrojarse): tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here it comes o there you go!

tírate del trampolín — bueno ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!

2 ( Juegos):

ahí van otros $2.000 there's another $2,000

¡no va más! no more bets!

ver tb no¹ (↑ no (1))

¡ahí va! ( Esp fam): ¡ahí va! me he olvidado el dinero oh no! I've forgotten the money

David ganó 20 millones en la lotería — ¡ahí va! David won 20 million in the lottery — wow o ( AmE) gee whiz! ( colloq)

E

«comentario»: no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly, I didn't mean it nastily

ten cuidado con él, que esta vez va en serio be careful, this time he's serious o he means business

ir POR algn:

y eso va por ti también and that goes for you too o and the same goes for you o and I'm referring to you too

F (estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc):

se puso como si le fuera la vida en ello she acted as if her life depended on it o was at stake

le va el trabajo en esto his job depends on this, his job is on the line

G ( fam)

(hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes): fue y le dio un puñetazo she went and o she upped and punched him

y la tonta va y se lo cree and like an idiot she believed him, and the idiot went and believed him ( BrE colloq)

fueron y se sentaron justo donde estaba recién pintado they went and sat down right where it had just been painted

Sentido II

A (+ complemento)

(sin énfasis en el movimiento): los caminantes iban cantando por el camino the walkers sang as they went along

¿van cómodos allí atrás? are you comfortable back there?

¿irán bien aquí los vasos? will the glasses be safe here?

ella iba dormida en el asiento de atrás she was asleep in the back seat

por lo menos íbamos sentados at least we were sitting down

el niño iba sentado en el manillar the child was sitting o riding on the handlebars

iba por la calle hablando solo he talked to himself as he walked along the street

vas que pareces un pordiosero you look like some sort of beggar

se notaba que iba con miedo you could see that she was afraid

el tren iba llenísimo the train was packed

déjame que te ayude que vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry, let me help you

el ciclista colombiano va a la cabeza the Colombian cyclist is in the lead

no vayas tan rápido, que te vas a equivocar don't do it o go so fast or you'll make a mistake

hay que ir con los ojos bien abiertos you have to keep your eyes open

va de chasco en chasco he's had one disappointment after another, he seems to lurch from one disappointment to another

B (refiriéndose al atuendo) ir DE algo:

iban de largo they wore long dresses

voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula

iba de verde she was dressed in green, she was wearing green

C (en calidad de) ir DE algo to go (along) AS sth

yo fui de intérprete, porque él no habla inglés I went along as an interpreter, because he doesn't speak English

¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? ( Esp arg); hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?

va de guapo por la vida ( Esp arg); he really thinks he's something special, he really fancies himself ( BrE colloq)

D

( Esp fam) (tratar) ir DE algo: no me voy a presentar al examen, no sé ni de qué va I'm not going to sit the exam, I don't even know what it's on

¿de qué va la novela? what's the novel about?

Sentido III

A «camino» (llevar a) ir A algo; to lead TO sth, to go TO sth

el camino que va a la playa the road that goes down to o leads to the beach

B

(extenderse, abarcar): la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes o stretches from Madrid to Valencia

lo que hay que traducir va de la página 82 a la 90 the part to be translated starts on page 82 and ends on page 90, the part to be translated is from page 82 to page 90

el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

estados de ánimo que van de la excitación desmedida a la abulia moods ranging from over-excitement to complete lethargy

Sentido IV

A

(marchar, desarrollarse): ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?

el negocio va de mal en peor the business is going from bad to worse

¿qué tal va la tesis? how's the thesis coming along o going?

¿cómo va el enfermo? how's the patient doing?

(+ me/te/le etc): ¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? ( colloq), what's up? ( AmE colloq)

¿cómo les fue en Italia? how did you get on in Italy?, how was Italy?

me fue mal en el examen the exam went badly, I did badly in the exam

¡adiós! ¡que te vaya bien! bye! all the best! o take care!

¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam, I hope the exam goes well

¿cómo le va con el novio? how's she getting on with her boyfriend?, how are things going between her and her boyfriend?

B

(en juegos, competiciones): ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1

voy ganando yo I'm ahead o I'm winning o I'm in the lead

ya va perdiendo casi $8.000 he's already lost almost $8,000

C (en el desarrollo de algo) ir POR algo:

¿por dónde van en el programa de historia? how far have you got in the history syllabus?, where have you got (up) to in history?

¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?

estoy por terminar, ya voy por las mangas I've nearly finished, I'm just doing the sleeves now

D (estar en camino) ir PARA algo:

¿qué quieres? ¡vamos para viejos! what do you expect? we're getting on! o we're getting old!

ya va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty, she's not far off fifty

ya va para dos años que no lo veo it's getting on for two years since I last saw him

iba para médico he was going to be a doctor

E

(sumar, hacer): ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you

¿cuántos has leído? — con éste van seis how many have you read? — six, counting this one o six, including this one o this one makes six o this is the sixth one

ya van tres pasteles que se come that makes three cakes he's eaten now

F

(haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or ( Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month

G

(haber una diferencia): de tres a ocho van cinco eight minus three is five

¡lo que va de un hermano a otro! ( fam); it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! ( colloq)

H (CS) (depender, radicar) ir EN algo; to depend ON sth

no sé en qué irá I don't know what it depends on

eso va en gustos that's a question of taste

Sentido V

A

1 (deber colocarse) to go

¿sabes dónde va esta pieza? do you know where this piece goes?

¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?

¡qué va! ( fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! todavía tengo para rato have you finished? — you must be joking! I still have a while to go yet

¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! todo lo contrario did she get upset? — not at all! quite the opposite in fact

vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! ¡si hay tiempo de sobra! we're going to miss the plane — nonsense! we have more than enough time

2

(deber escribirse): ¿va con mayúscula? is it written with a capital letter?

¿va con acento? does it have an accent?

3

( RPl) (estar incluido): todo esto va para el examen all of this will be included in the exam

B

1 (combinar) ir CON algo to go WITH sth

esos zapatos no van (bien) con esa falda those shoes don't go with that skirt

2 (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you

te irá bien una semanita de vacaciones a week's vacation will do you good

3

ir en contra de algo to go against sth

esto va en contra de sus principios this goes against her principles

C

( Esp arg) (gustar) (+ me/te/le etc): a mí esa música no me va that music does nothing for me o leaves me cold

marcha f H. (↑ marcha)

D ( Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irle A algo/algn; to support sth/sb

mucha gente le va al equipo peruano a lot of people support o are backing o are rooting for the Peruvian team

Sentido VI vamos

A

1

(expresando incredulidad, fastidio): ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

¿cómo que le vas a ganar? ¡vamos! what do you mean you're going to beat him? come off it!

2

(intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa): vamos, mujer, dile algo, no seas vergonzosa go on, say something to him, don't be shy

¡vamos! ¡ánimo, que falta poco! come on! keep going! it's not far now!

¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!

¡vamos, vamos! ¡circulen! OK o come on, move along now please!

dar el vamos a algo ( Chi); to inaugurate sth

desde el vamos ( RPl fam); from the word go

3

(al aclarar, resumir): eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, at least that's what I think anyway

podrías haberte disculpado, vamos, no habría sido mucho pedir you could have apologized, I mean that's not much to ask

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy

es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway

B vaya

1

(expresando sorpresa, contrariedad): ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?, well! fancy seeing you here! ( BrE)

¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no! it's fallen over again!

¡vaya! nos quedamos sin saber cómo termina la película damn! now we won't know how the film ends ( colloq)

2

(para enfatizar): ¡vaya cochazo se ha comprado! that's some car he's bought himself!

¡vaya contigo! ¡no hay manera de hablarte! what on earth's the matter with you? you're so touchy!

¿vaya día! what a day!

¡vaya película me has traído a ver! ( iró); this is a really great movie you've brought me to see ( iro)

¡vaya si le voy a decir lo que pienso! you bet I'm going to tell him what I think!

¡vaya (que) si la conozco! you bet I know her!

3

(al aclarar, resumir): tampoco es tan torpe, vaya, los hay peores he isn't totally stupid, well, I mean there are plenty worse

■

v aux

Sentido I ir A + INF

A

1

(para expresar tiempo futuro): ¡te vas a caer! you're going to fall!

a este paso no van a terminar nunca they'll never finish at this rate

el barco va a zarpar the boat's about to set sail

dijo que lo iba a pensar she said she was going to think it over

ya van a ser las cuatro it's almost o nearly four o'clock

va a hacer dos años que no nos vemos we haven't seen each other for nearly two years, it's getting on for two years since we saw each other

esto no te va a gustar you're not going to like this

no te preocupes, ya se va a solucionar don't worry, it'll sort itself out

tenía miedo de que se fuera a olvidar I was afraid he'd forget

2

(expresando intención, propósito): se lo voy a decir I'm going to tell him

lo voy a conseguir, sea como sea I'll get it one way or another

me voy a tomar unos días libres en abril I'm going to take a few days off in April

vamos a ir a verla esta tarde we're going to go and see her this evening

3

(en propuestas, sugerencias): vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?

siéntate, vamos a discutir el asunto have a seat and let's discuss the matter

bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work

B

(al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones): que no se te vaya a escapar delante de ella make sure you don't blurt it out in front of her

ten cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall ( colloq), be careful or you'll fall

lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella in case it rains

C

(expresando inevitabilidad): ¡qué voy a hacer! what else can I do?

¡qué le iba a decir! what else could I tell her?

¿qué iba a pensar el pobre hombre? what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?

¿seguro que fue ella? — ¿quién iba a ser si no? are you sure it was her? — who else could it have been?

D

(expresando incredulidad): ¡no irás a darle la razón a él! surely you're not going to say he was right!

está muy deprimida — ¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? she's really depressed — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?

E

1

(en afirmaciones enfáticas): ¿te acuerdas de él? — ¡no me voy a acordar! do you remember him — of course I do o how could I forget?

2

(al contradecir): ¿dormiste bien? — ¡qué voy a dormir! did you sleep well?— how could I?

¡cómo iba a saberlo, si nadie me dijo nada! how was I supposed to know? no one told me anything

¿por qué lo voy a ayudar? ¡si él a mí nunca me ayuda! why should I help him? he never helps me!

Sentido II (expresando un proceso paulatino) ir + GER:

poco a poco va a ir aprendiendo she'll learn little by little

a medida que va subiendo el nivel del agua as the water level rises

ha ido cambiando con el tiempo he's changed as time has passed

tú puedes ir pelando las cebollas you could start peeling the onions

ahora les toca a ustedes, vayan preparándose it's your turn now, so start getting ready

como te iba diciendo as I was saying

ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you can start o you'd better start getting used to the idea, you'd better get used to the idea

la voz parecía irse alejando cada vez más the voice seemed to grow more and more distant

la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse

■ irse

v pron

A

(marcharse): ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?

vámonos, que se hace tarde let's go, it's getting late

bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off ( AmE) o ( BrE) I'm off

el tren ya se ha ido the train's already gone

se quiere ir a vivir a Escocia she wants to go (off) and live in Scotland

se han ido todos a la plaza everybody's gone down to the square

vete a la cama go to bed

se fue de casa she left home

vete de aquí get out of here

se ha ido de la empresa she's left the company

se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away

anda, vete por ahí ( fam); get lost! ( colloq)

(+ me/te/le etc): la mayor se nos ha ido a vivir a Florida our eldest daughter's gone (off) to live in Florida

no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo ( fam); don't run away, I want to talk to you ( colloq)

B

(consumirse, gastarse): ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!, the money just disappears!, we get through money so quickly

(+ me/te/le etc): se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent

se nos ha ido el día en tonterías we've spent o wasted the whole day messing around

¿te das cuenta de lo rápido que se nos ha ido la tarde? hasn't the evening gone quickly?

C (desaparecer) «mancha/dolor» to go

se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off

(+ me/te/le etc): no se me va el mareo I'm still feeling queasy

¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

D (salirse, escaparse) «líquido/gas» to escape

(+ me/te/le etc): se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

que no se te vaya la leche por el fuego don't let the milk boil over

tápalo para que no se le vaya la fuerza put the top on so that the fizz doesn't go out of it o so that it doesn't lose its fizz

cuando empezó la música se me iban los pies once the music began I couldn't stop my feet tapping o I couldn't keep my feet still

lengua, mano¹ (↑ mano (1))

E ( euf) (morirse) to slip away ( euph)

creo que se nos va I think he's slipping away, I think we're losing him

F (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):

irse de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back

me daba la impresión de que me iba para atrás I felt as if I was falling backwards

frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards

G (andarse, actuar) (+ compl):

vete con cuidado/tacto be careful/tactful

H

1 (CS) (en naipes) to go out

2

( RPl) (en una asignatura) tb irse a examen to have to take an exam

I ( Col) «medias» to run

* * *

ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
1
a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;

◊ ir en taxi to go by taxi;

iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
ir por mar to go by sea;
¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
el ir y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
vamos a casa let's go home;
¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
ir de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
ir por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread
b) ( asistir) to go to;

◊ voy a clases nocturnas I go to evening classes;

ya va al colegio she's already at school
2 ( expresando propósito) ir a + inf:
◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;

ve a ayudarla go and help her;
ver tb ir v aux 1
3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;

tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
4 [ comentario]:
◊ no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly;

eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):
◊ iban cantando por el camino they sang as they went along;

¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):
◊ iban de largo they wore long dresses;

voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
iba de verde she was dressed in green
3 ( en calidad de) ir de algo to go (along) as sth;
◊ yo fui de intérprete I went along as interpreter

1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) ir a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
2 (extenderse, abarcar):
◊ la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia;

el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;

va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
2 ( en competiciones):
◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;

voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;

¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
4 ( estar en camino):
◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;

va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
5 (sumar, hacer):
◊ ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you;

con este van seis six, counting this one
6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;

¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
2
a) ( combinar) ir con algo to go with sth

b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you;

te irá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irle a algo/algn to support sth/sb;
◊ le va al equipo peruano he supports the Peruvian team

1
◊ vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;

¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
c) (al aclarar, resumir):

◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
2
◊ vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;

¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!

ir v aux ir a + inf:
1
a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;

◊ voy a estudiar medicina I'm going to study medicine;

va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;

bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):
◊ que no se te vaya a caer make sure you don't drop it;

cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):
◊ poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little;

ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse verbo pronominal
1 ( marcharse) to leave;
◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;

vámonos let's go;
bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
no te vayas don't go;
vete a la cama go to bed;
se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
vete de aquí get out of here;
se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
2 (consumirse, gastarse):
◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;
◊ se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
◊ irse de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;

me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
ir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
van a misa, they go to church
3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
12 (vestir) to wear
ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
(tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
(ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
(haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
(encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
II verbo auxiliar
1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
ir caminando, to go on foot
2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
va a esquiar, she goes skiing
va a nevar, it's going to snow
vas a caerte, you'll fall
♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
¡ahí va!, catch!
en lo que va de año, so far this year
¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
¡vaya!, fancy that
¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
ir a parar, to end up
'ir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- acudir
- andurriales
- ánimo
- antojarse
- avión
- avivar
- bajar
- bordear
- brazo
- busca
- caer
- calcular
- camino
- caza
- cien
- cine
- coche
- compra
- comprensible
- convenir
- correr
- corriente
- danzar
- deformación
- deriva
- descaminada
- descaminado
- descender
- desgracia
- deteriorarse
- disposición
- empecinada
- empecinado
- encaminada
- encaminado
- entrar
- excursión
- flojear
- funesta
- funesto
- gaita
- gatas
- grano
- gratis
- gustar
- haber
- huevo
- idea
- ilusión
English:
afford
- after
- ahead
- appealing
- back
- back up
- be
- beeline
- bluster
- bristle
- camping
- canter
- career
- catch
- charge off
- chase
- check off
- clean up after
- cling
- coast
- collapse
- come
- come to
- commute
- consider
- court
- cross
- cross-country
- crowd
- cycle
- cycling
- defensive
- delay
- dentist
- deserve
- detest
- die off
- dismiss
- do
- down
- downhill
- drag
- drift
- ease off
- ease up
- either
- even
- excursion
- exercise
- face

* * *

ir

♦ vi

1. [desplazarse, dirigirse, acudir] to go;

fuimos a caballo we went on horseback, we rode there;

iremos andando we'll go on foot, we'll walk there;

ir en autobús to go by bus, to take the bus;

ir en automóvil to go by car, to drive;

ir en taxi to go by taxi, to catch o take a taxi;

ir en barco to go by boat;

ir en avión to go by plane, to fly;

ir por carretera/mar to go by road/sea;

ir a casa/a la iglesia/al cine to go home/to church/to the cinema;

ir a la escuela/al trabajo to go to school/work;

los niños no tienen que ir a clase hoy children don't have to go to school today;

me voy a clase, nos veremos luego I'm going to my lecture, see you later;

ir de compras/de pesca to go shopping/fishing;

ir de vacaciones to go on Br holiday o US vacation;

ir hacia el sur/norte to go south/north;

¿adónde va este autocar? where's this coach going?;

este tren va a o [m5] para Guadalajara this train is going to Guadalajara, this is the Guadalajara train;

todas las mañanas voy de la estación a o [m5] hasta la fábrica every morning I go from the station to the factory;

¿para dónde vas? where are you heading (for)?;

ahora mismo voy para allá I'm on my way there right now;

¿por dónde o [m5] cómo se va a la playa? how do you get to the beach from here?, could you tell me the way to the beach?;

no vayas por ahí que hay mucho barro don't go that way, it's muddy;

¿eres alumno oficial? – no, sólo voy de oyente are you an official student? – no, I'm just sitting in on classes;

fue a la zona como emisario de la ONU he travelled to the area on behalf of the UN;

¡ahí o [m5] allá va! [al lanzar una cosa] there you go;

ahí va el informe que me pediste here's the report you asked for;

¡allá voy! [al lanzarse uno mismo] here goes!, here we go!;
Anticuado
¿quién va? who goes there?;

¡Sergio, te llaman por teléfono! – ¡voy! Sergio, there's a phone call for you! – (I'm) coming!;

¡ya voy!, ¡ya va! [cuando llaman a la puerta] (I'm) coming!;

ir a alguien con algo [contar] to go to sb with sth;

todos le van con sus problemas everyone goes to her with their problems;

el autocar se salió de la calzada y fue a dar o [m5] a parar a un lago the coach came off the road and ended up in a lake;

estuvimos de paseo y fuimos a dar a una bonita plaza we were out walking when we came across a beautiful square;
Fam Fig
¿dónde vas con tantos aperitivos? luego no podremos con la comida steady on with the snacks or we won't be able to manage our dinner!;
Fam Fig
les habrá costado unas 100.000 – ¡dónde vas! mucho menos, hombre it must have cost them about 100,000 – what are you talking about, it was much less!;

Prov

(allá) donde fueres haz lo que vieres when in Rome, do as the Romans do

2. [conducir] [camino, calle, carretera] to lead, to go;

esta es la calle que va al museo this is the road (that leads o goes) to the museum;

esta calle va a dar al puerto this road leads to the harbour;

el camino va desde el pueblo hasta la cima de la montaña the path leads o goes from the village to the top of the mountain

3. [abarcar]
la zona de fumadores va del asiento 24 al 28 the smoking area is between seats 24 and 28;

el examen de arte va desde el Barroco hasta el Romanticismo the art exam will cover the Baroque period to the Romantic period;

la mancha iba de un lado a otro del techo the stain stretched from one side of the ceiling to the other;

las películas seleccionadas van desde la comedia urbana hasta el clásico western the films that have been selected range from urban comedies to classic westerns

4. Esp [buscar]
ir (a) por algo/alguien to go and get sth/sb, to go and fetch sth/sb;

fui (a) por él al aeropuerto I went to meet him at the airport, I went to pick him up from the airport;

ha ido (a) por leche a la tienda she's gone to the shop to get o for some milk;

el perro fue a por él the dog went for him;

tendrás que esconderte porque van a por ti you'll have to hide because they're (coming) after you;

a eso voy/iba [al relatar] I am/was just getting to that

5. [expresa estado, situación, posición]
fue muy callada todo el camino she was very quiet throughout the journey;

con esta bufanda irás calentito this scarf will keep you warm;

el precio va impreso en la contraportada the price is printed on the back cover;

la manivela va floja the crank is loose;

iba tiritando de frío she was shivering with cold;

ir a lo suyo to look out for oneself, to look after number one;

iba en el tren pensando en sus cosas she was travelling on the train lost in thought;

los niños iban armando jaleo en el asiento de atrás the children were kicking up a row in the back seat;

ve con cuidado, es un barrio peligroso be careful, it's a dangerous area;

tu caballo va tercero/en cabeza your horse is third/in the lead

6. [expresa apoyo o rechazo]
ir con to support;

voy con el Real Madrid I support Real Madrid;

ir contra algo, ir en contra de algo to be opposed to sth, to be against sth;

ir en contra de la violencia to be opposed to violence, to be against violence;

esta ley va contra la Constitución this act goes against o contravenes the Constitution;

ir en beneficio de alguien to be to sb's benefit, to be in sb's interest;

ir en perjuicio de alguien to be detrimental to o against sb's interests

7. [vestir]
ir con/en to wear;

iba en camisa y corbata he was wearing a shirt and tie;

aquí la gente va con o [m5] en bañador a todas partes people here go around in their swimsuits;

ir de azul to be dressed in blue;

ir de uniforme to be in uniform;

iré (disfrazado) de Superman a la fiesta I'm going to the party (dressed up) as Superman;

iba hecho un pordiosero he looked like a beggar

8. [marchar, evolucionar] to go;

le va bien en su nuevo trabajo things are going well for him in his new job;

el niño va muy bien en la escuela the child's doing very well at school;

¿cómo va el negocio? how's business?;

su negocio va mal, el negocio le va mal his business is going badly;

¿cómo te va? how are you doing?;

¿cómo te va en la universidad? how's university?, how are you getting on at university?;

¿cómo van? [en partido] what's the score?;
[en carrera, juego] who's winning?;
van empate a cero it's Br nil-nil o US zero-zero;

vamos perdiendo we're losing;

¿qué tal te va con tus nuevos alumnos? how are you getting on with your new pupils?;

¿qué tal va esa paella? how's that paella coming along?;

¡hasta pronto! ¡que te vaya bien! see you later, take care!;

¡que te vaya muy bien con el nuevo empleo! I hope things go well for you in your new job!, the best of luck with your new job!

9. [cambiar, encaminarse]
ir a mejor/peor to get better/worse;

el partido fue a más en la segunda parte the game improved o got better in the second half;

como sigamos así, vamos a la ruina if we carry on like this we'll be heading for disaster;

voy para viejo I'm getting old;

esta chica va para cantante this girl has all the makings of a singer;

va para un mes que no llueve it's getting on for o almost a month now since it last rained

10. [alcanzar]
va por el cuarto vaso de vino he's already on his fourth glass of wine;

vamos por la mitad de la asignatura we've covered about half the subject;

¿por qué parte de la novela vas? which bit in the novel are you at?;

aún voy por el primer capítulo I'm still on the first chapter

11. [expresa cantidades, diferencias]
con éste van cinco ministros destituidos por el escándalo that makes five ministers who have now lost their job as a result of the scandal;

ya van dos veces que me tuerzo el tobillo that's the second time I've twisted my ankle;

van varios días que no lo veo it's several days since I (last) saw him;

en lo que va del o Esp [m5] de mes he ido tres veces al médico so far this month I've been to the doctor three times, I've already been to the doctor three times this month;

de dos a cinco van tres the difference between two and five is three;

va mucho de un apartamento a una casa there's a big difference between Br a flat o US an apartment and a house

12. [corresponder] to go;

estas tazas van con estos platos these cups go with these saucers;

¿con qué clase de tornillos va esta tuerca? what sort of screw does this nut take?

13. [colocarse] to go, to belong;

esto no va ahí that doesn't go o belong there;

¿en qué cajón van los calcetines? which drawer do the socks go in?

14. [escribirse]
“Edimburgo” va con “m” “Edimburgo” is written o spelt with an “m”;

toda la oración va entre paréntesis the whole sentence goes in brackets;

el “solo” adjetivo no va con acento “solo” doesn't have an accent when used as an adjective

15. [sentar] [ropa]
irle (bien) a alguien to suit sb;

¡qué bien te van los abrigos largos! long coats really suit you!;

ir con algo to go with sth;

esta camisa no va con esa falda this shirt doesn't go with this skirt

16. [sentar] [vacaciones, tratamiento]
irle bien a alguien to do sb good;

esa infusión me ha ido muy bien that herbal tea did me a lot of good

17. [funcionar] to work;

la televisión no va the television isn't working;

una radio que va a o [m5] con pilas a radio that uses batteries, a battery-powered radio;

estas impresoras antiguas van muy lentas these old printers are very slow

18. [depender]
en aquel negocio le iba su futuro como director de la empresa his future as manager of the company depended on that deal;

todos corrieron como si les fuera la vida en ello everyone ran as if their life depended on it;

esto de la ropa va en gustos clothes are a matter of taste;
CSur
¿es fácil aprobar? – va en el profesor is it easy to pass? – it depends on the teacher

19. [comentario, indirecta]
ir con o [m5] por alguien to be meant for sb, to be aimed at sb;

y eso va por ti también and that goes for you too;

hizo como si no fuera con él he acted as if he didn't realize she was referring to him;

lo que digo va por todos what I'm saying applies to o goes for all of you;

va o [m5]voy en serio, no me gustan estas bromas I'm serious, I don't like this sort of joke

20. Esp Fam [gustar]
no me va el pop I'm not a big fan of pop music;

a mí lo que me va es la cocina I'm really into cooking;

ni me va ni me viene I don't care one way or the other

21. Fam [costar]
ir a to be, to cost;

¿a cómo o [m5] cuánto va el kilo de tomates? how much is a kilo of tomatoes?

22. Esp Fam [tratar] [conferencia, película, novela]
ir de to be about;

¿de qué va “1984”? what's “1984” about?

23. Fam Esp
ir de, RP [m5] irla de [dárselas] [persona] to think oneself;
Esp
va de inteligente, RP [m5] la va de inteligente he thinks he's clever;
Esp
¿de qué vas?, RP [m5]¿de qué la vas? just who do you think you are?

24. Fam [apostarse]
¿va una cerveza a que llevo razón? I bet you a beer I'm right

25. [en frases] Fam
fue y dijo que… he went and said that…;

y de repente va y se echa a reír and suddenly she just goes and bursts out laughing;
Fam
fue y se marchó sin mediar palabra she upped and went without a word;
Fam
¡ahí va! ¡qué paisaje tan bonito! wow, what beautiful scenery!;
Fam
¡ahí va! me he dejado el paraguas en casa oh no, I've left my umbrella at home!;

¡qué va! [por supuesto que no] not in the least!, not at all!;
[me temo que no] I'm afraid not; [no digas tonterías] don't be ridiculous!;
¡no va más! [en el casino] no more bets!;

Comp
Esp
ser el no va más to be the ultimate;

este gimnasio es el no va más this gym is the ultimate;

Comp
RP Fam
desde el vamos [desde el principio] from the word go;

me cayó mal desde el vamos I didn't like him from the word go;

Comp
Fam
¡dónde va a parar! there's no comparison!;

Comp

sin ir más lejos: tu madre, sin ir más lejos we need look no further than your mother;

sin ir más lejos, nos vimos ayer we saw each other only yesterday

♦ v aux

1. [con gerundio] [expresa acción lenta o gradual]
ir haciendo algo to be (gradually) doing sth;

va anocheciendo it's getting dark;

me voy haciendo viejo I'm getting old;

voy mejorando mi estilo I'm gradually improving my style;

su cine ha ido mejorando últimamente her movies o Br films have been getting better recently;

fui metiendo las cajas en el almacén I began putting the crates in the warehouse;

iremos aprendiendo de nuestros errores we'll learn from our mistakes;

ve deshaciendo las maletas mientras preparo la cena you can be unpacking the suitcases while I get dinner;

vete haciéndote a la idea you'd better start getting used to the idea;

como iba diciendo… as I was saying…

2. [con a + infinitivo] [expresa acción próxima, intención, situación futura]
ir a hacer algo to be going to do sth;

voy a hacerle una visita [ahora mismo] I'm about to go and visit him;
[en un futuro próximo] I'm going to visit him;
iré a echarte una mano en cuanto pueda I'll come along and give you a hand as soon as I can;

¡vamos a comer, tengo hambre! let's have lunch, I'm hungry!;

el tren con destino a Buenos Aires va a efectuar su salida en el andén 3 the train for Buenos Aires is about to depart from platform 3;

van a dar las dos it is nearly two o'clock;

va a hacer una semana que se fue it's coming up to o nearly a week since she left;

voy a decírselo a tu padre I'm going to tell your father;

¿no irás a salir así a la calle? surely you're not going to go out like that?;

he ido a comprar pero ya habían cerrado I had intended to go shopping, but they were shut;

te voy a echar de menos I'm going to miss you;

vas a hacerte daño como no tengas cuidado you'll hurt yourself if you're not careful;

todo va a arreglarse, ya verás it'll all sort itself out, you'll see;

¿qué van a pensar los vecinos? what will the neighbours think?;

no le quise decir nada, no fuera a enfadarse conmigo I didn't want to say anything in case she got angry with me

3. [con a + infinitivo] [en exclamaciones que expresan consecuencia lógica, negación]
¿qué voy a pensar si llevas tres días fuera de casa? what do you expect me to think if you don't come home for three days?;

¿la del sombrero es tu hermana? – ¿quién va a ser? ¡pues claro! is the woman with the hat your sister? – of course she is, who else could she be?;

y ¿dónde fuiste? – ¿dónde iba a ir? ¡a la policía! and where did you go? – where do you think? to the police, of course!;

¡cómo voy a concentrarme con tanto ruido! how am I supposed to concentrate with all that noise?;

¡cómo voy a pagarte si estoy sin dinero! how do you expect me to pay you if I haven't got any money?;

¡cómo no me voy a reír con las cosas que dices! how can I fail to laugh o how can you expect me not to laugh when you say things like that!;

¿te ha gustado? – ¡qué me va a gustar! did you like it? – like it? you must be joking!

♦ vt
Méx
irle a to support;

le va al Nexaca he supports Nexaca

♦ See also the pronominal verb irse

* * *

ir

<part ido>

I v/i

1 go (a to);

ir a pie walk, go on foot;

ir en avión fly;

ir en coche/en tren go by car/train;

ir a por algo go and fetch sth;

¡ya voy! I’m coming!;

¿quién va? who goes there?

2 ( vestir)

:

iba de amarillo/de uniforme she was wearing yellow/a uniform

3

:

van dos a dos DEP the score is two all

4 ( tratar)

:

¿de qué va la película? what’s the movie about?;

el libro va de vampiros the book’s about vampires

5 ( agradar)

:

el clima no me va the climate doesn’t suit me, I don’t like the climate;

ella no me va she’s not my kind of person;

no me va ni me viene I’m not bothered, I don’t care one way or the other

6 ( marchar, evolucionar) go;

ir bien/mal go well/badly

7 ( abarcar)

:

va de la página 12 a la 16 it goes from page 12 to page 16

8

:

¡qué va! you must be joking!;

¡vamos! come on!;

¡vaya! well!;

¿ha dicho eso? – ¡vamos! he said that? – no way!;

¡vaya una sorpresa! irón what a surprise!;

a eso voy I’m just getting to that;

eso va por ti también that goes for you too

II v/aux

1 con referencia al futuro

:

va a llover it’s going to rain;

va para abogado he’s going to be a lawyer

2 expresando proceso

:

ya voy comprendiendo I’m beginning to understand;

ir para viejo be getting old;

ya va anocheciendo it’s getting dark

3 con referencia al pasado

:

ya va para dos años it’s been almost two years now;

van tirados 3.000 3,000 have been printed

* * *

ir {43} vi

1) : to go

ir a pie: to go on foot, to walk

ir a caballo: to ride horseback

ir a casa: to go home

2) : to lead, to extend, to stretch

el camino va de Cali a Bogotá: the road goes from Cali to Bogotá

3) funcionar: to work, to function

esta computadora ya no va: this computer doesn't work anymore

4) : to get on, to get along

¿cómo te va?: how are you?, how's it going?

el negocio no va bien: the business isn't doing well

5) : to suit

ese vestido te va bien: that dress really suits you

6)

ir con : to be

ir con prisa: to be in a hurry

7)

ir por : to follow, to go along

fueron por la costa: they followed the shoreline

8)

dejarse ir : to let oneself go

9)

ir a parar : to end up

10)

vamos a ver : let's see

ir v aux

1) (with present participle)

ir caminando: to walk

¡voy corriendo!: I'll be right there!

2)

ir a : to be going to

voy a hacerlo: I'm going to do it

el avión va a despegar: the plane is about to take off

♦ See also the reflexive verb irse

* * *

ir vb

1. (en general) to go [pt. went; pp. gone]

¿adónde vas? where are you going?

fuimos a Madrid en tren we went to Madrid by train

no puedo ir a la fiesta I can't go to the party

ha ido a recoger a su hermano she's gone to pick her brother up

2. (marchar) to be / to get on / to go

¿cómo te va? how are you? / how's it going? / how are things?

¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo? how are you getting on in your new job?

¿cómo te fue en el examen? how did your exam go? / how did you get on in your exam?

3. (estar) to be

iba de broma I was joking

va en serio he's serious

mi reloj va atrasado my watch is slow

vas demasiado elegante you're too dressed up

4. (sentar bien) to suit

ese peinado te va muy bien that hairstyle really suits you

5. (gustar) to like / to be into

no me va la música rap I don't like rap music

6. (convenir) to do

te irá bien descansar un poco it'll do you good to get some rest

7. (funcionar) to work

el ascensor no va the lift's not working

ir + a + infinitivo to be going to do something

voy a decírselo I'm going to tell him

te iba a llamar I was going to phone you

ir + gerundio

vas mejorando you're getting better

va anocheciendo it's getting dark

¡vamos caminando! let's walk!

fuimos corriendo we ran

a ti ni te va ni te viene that's nothing to do with you

¿cómo van? (en un partido) what's the score?

ir a parar to end up

fue a parar a la cárcel he ended up in prison

ir con to go with / to match

esa blusa no va con ese pantalón that blouse doesn't go with those trousers

ir de (persona) to wear [pt. wore; pp. worn] (libro, película) to be about

va de uniforme he's wearing a uniform

la que va de negro the one in black

¿de qué va la película? what's the film about?

ir por to go and get

voy por el coche I'm going to get the car

ve por los niños go and get the children

ir tirando to get by / to manage

vamos tirando we get by / we're managing

¡qué va! no way! / not at all!

¡vamos a...! let's...!

¡vamos a bailar! let's dance!

¡vaya! well!

¡ya voy! I'm coming!

Spanish-English dictionary > ir
19 tam

tam, adv. [orig. acc. fem. of the demonstrative root ta-; cf.: tum, tamen], correlative of quam, so, so much, as.
I.
As comparative adverb, demonstrative with correlative quam, introducing comparative clauses of like intensity.
A.
As adjunct of adjectives or participles the intensity of which is expressed by a comparative clause, tam... quam = as... as; negatively, non (neque, nihil, etc.) tam... quam = not so... as.
1.
In comparison between two adjj.:
tam esse clemens tyrannus quam rex importunus potest,
a tyrant may be as mild as a king may be harsh, Cic. Rep. 1, 33, 50 (B. and K. bracket rex):
non tam solido quam splendido nomine,
id. Fin. 1, 18, 61:
tam culpae hostium justus existimator quam gloriosus victor,
Val. Max. 3, 8, 1:
adjuro, tam me tibi vera referre Quam veri majora fide,
things as true as they are beyond belief, Ov. M. 3, 659:
quorum vires quam repentinae tam breves,
Sen. Q. N. 6, 7, 2.—Negatively:
non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine quam turpe nescire,
Cic. Brut. 37, 140:
ut illa... non tam mirabilia sunt, quam conjecta belle,
id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 36, 76: nec tam Turpe fuit vinci [p. 1836] quam contendisse decorum est, Ov. M. 9, 5. —Tam preceded by comp. clause:
maximeque eam pestilentiam insignem mors quam matura tam acerba M. Furi fecit,
Liv. 7, 1, 8:
quam magni nominis bellum est, tam difficilem existimaritis victoriam fore,
id. 21, 43, 11:
donec quam felices seditiones, tam honorati seditionum auctores essent,
id. 4, 2, 4. —
2.
In a comparison between degrees of intensity, etc., of the same adjective.
a.
As in relative clauses, the adjective repeated (so esp. in Plaut.;
not repeated in English): tam liquidus est quam liquida tempestas esse solet,
as serene as the weather is wont to be, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 64:
quam placida'st aqua,
id. ib. 3, 2, 165:
tam frictum ego illum reddam quam frictum est cicer,
id. Bacch. 4, 4, 7.—Negatively:
nemo orator tam multa scripsit quam multa sunt nostra,
Cic. Or. 30, 168:
tametsi non tam multum in istis rebus intellego quam multa vidi,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94.—
b.
The adjective not repeated.
(α).
The terms of comparison being nouns or pronouns:
tam ego fui ante liber quam gnatus tuus ( = quam liber gnatus tuus est),
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 60:
fieret corium tam maculosum quam est nutricis pallium,
id. Bacch. 3, 3, 30:
tam mihi mea vita quam tua Tibi cara est,
id. Cas. 3, 6, 43:
ni illam mihi tam tranquillam facis quam mare est,
id. Poen. 1, 2, 145:
tam crebri ad terram decidebant quam pira,
id. ib. 2, 38:
tam excoctam reddam atque atram quam carbo'st,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 63:
quom fervit maxume, tam placidum (eum) quam ovem reddo,
id. ib. 4, 1, 18:
tam sum misericors quam vos, tam mitis quam qui lenissimus,
Cic. Sull. 31, 87:
tam gratum mihi id erit quam quod gratissimum,
id. Fam. 13, 3:
nulla ingenia tam prona ad invidiam sunt quam eorum qui genus ac fortunam suam animis non aequant,
Liv. 45, 22:
nihil est tam violentum quam magna vis aquae,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 6:
(cum sit) tam aurum et argentum quam aes Corinthium ( = cum aurum et argentum tam sit Corinthium quam aes),
Quint. 8, 2, 8:
(ira) tam inutilis animi minister est quam miles qui signum receptui neglegit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 9, 2.—
Negatively: neque opes nostrae tam sunt validae quam tuae,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 20:
nihil esse tam detestabile tamque pestiferum quam voluptatem,
Cic. Sen. 12, 41:
neque tam condenso corpore nubes esse queunt quam sunt lapides, neque autem tam tenues quam nebulae,
Lucr. 6, 101.—Virtually negative:
quod enim tam infidum mare quam blanditiae principum? ( = nullum tam infidum mare, etc.),
Plin. Pan. 66. — With comp. pregn. (very rare): istam dextram non tam in bellis et proeliis quam in promissis et fide firmiorem, i. e. whose superior trustworthiness is not so much in wars, etc., Cic. Deiot. 3, 8:
vectigal ex agro eorum capimus, quod nobis non tam fructu jucundius est, quam ultione,
Liv. 28, 39, 13. —
(β).
With quam in subst.-clause:
quicquid mali hic Pisistratus non fecerit, tam gratum est quam si alium facere prohibuerit,
Cic. Att. 8, 16, 2.—Negatively:
juris interpretatio, quae non tam mihi molesta sit propter laborem quam quod dicendi cogitationem auferat,
Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 12. —
Virtually negative: quid autem tam exiguum quam est munus hoc eorum qui consuluntur?
Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 14.—
(γ).
With quam in adverb.-clause:
cupam facito tam crassam quam modioli postulant,
Cato, R. R. 21, 1:
si era mea sciat tam socordem esse quam sum,
Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 5:
tua est imago: tam consimili'st quam potest,
id. Men. 5, 9, 4:
sororem tam similem quam lacte lacti est,
id. Mil. 2, 2, 87.—
B.
Tam with advv.: tam... quam = as ( so)... as; negatively = not so... as.
1.
Comparing an adv. with another adv. or adverb. clause: satin' istuc mihi exquisitum est...? Ar. Tam satis quam numquam hoc invenies secus, with as full certainty as that you will never find this otherwise, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 106.—Virtually negative:
quis umquam obeundi negotii studio tam brevi tempore tot loca adire potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompejo duce tanti belli impetus navigavit?
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34. —After quam:
nam dictaturam quam pertinaciter ei deferebat populus, tam constanter repulit,
Vell. 2, 89, 5 (the repetition of the adverb is especially frequent in tam diu... quam diu; v. tamdiu).—
2.
The adverb understood after quam: sed tu novisti fidicinam? Tr. Tam facile quam me (quam facile me novi), Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 72:
tam facile vinces quam pirum volpes comest,
id. Most. 3, 1, 26:
tam hercle certe quam ego ted, ac tu me vides,
id. Merc. 1, 2, 77:
tam audacter (ibis intro) quam domum ad te,
id. Truc. 1, 2, 109:
tam facile quam tu arbitraris,
Cic. Div. 1, 6, 10:
tam cito evertetur quam navis, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:
nihil tam cito redditur quam a speculo imago,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 4, 2. —
Negatively: (ira) quia non tam cito in alium quam vult erumpit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 19, 4.—Virtually negative (very freq.):
quasi vero quidquam sit tam valde, quam nihil sapere, vulgare,
Cic. Div. 2, 39, 81. — With sup. adv.: quam potes tam verba confer maxime ad compendium = as much as you can (hence the idiomatic expression: quam maxime = as much as possible), Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 184. —
C.
With verbs: tam... quam = as much... as, as well... as; negatively: non tam... quam, not so much... as.
1.
One verb compared with another:
nam quod edit tam duim quam perduim,
for what he can eat I would give as much as lose, Plaut. Aul. 4, 6, 6:
vellem tam domestica ferre possem quam ista contemnere,
Cic. Att. 13, 20, 4:
utinam tam non pigeat ista facere quam non displicebit,
Quint. 2, 5, 17:
Tyrus et ipsa tam movetur quam diluitur,
Sen. Q. N. 6, 26, 5.—Negatively:
fit quoque enim interdum ut non tam concurrere nubes frontibus adversis possint quam de latere ire,
Lucr. 6, 115.—
2.
The same verb repeated or understood after quam; the compared terms being,
(α).
Nouns or pronouns: tam mihi quam illi libertatem hostilis eripuit manus;
tam ille apud nos servit quam ego hic apud te servio,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 61:
tam hic scit me habere (pecuniam) quam egomet (i. e. scio),
id. Aul. 3, 6, 12:
quam tu filium tuum, tam me pater me meus desiderat,
id. Capt. 2, 2, 6:
tam huic loqui licere oportet quam isti,
id. Cas. 2, 6, 58:
tam tibi istuc credo quam mihi,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 25:
haec tibi tam sunt defendenda quam moenia,
Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 137:
tam moveor quam tu, Luculle,
id. ib. 2, 46, 141:
tamque id... tuendum conservandumque nobis est quam illud, etc.,
id. Off. 3, 4, 17: amurcam periti agricolae tam in doliis condunt quam oleum aut vinum ( as well as), Varr. R. R. 1, 61:
tam natura putarem vitam hominis sustentari quam vitis, quam arboris,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 56:
sicut pueris, qui tam parentibus amissis flebunt quam nucibus,
Sen. Ira. 1, 12, 4:
meliorque tam sibi quam aliis faciendus (est),
id. ib. 1, 15, 1:
tam solstitium quam aequinoctium suos dies rettulit (i. e. solstitium tam rettulit dies quam rettulit aequinoctium),
id. Q. N. 3, 16, 3:
quoniam orationis tam ornatus quam perspicuitas aut in singulis verbis est aut in pluribus positus (i. e. ornatus tam positus est quam perspicuitas),
Quint. 8, 3, 15. — This construction passes into mere co - ordination: tam vera quam falsa cernimus, as well... as, almost = both... and, Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 111: repentina res, quia quam causam nullam tam ne fidem quidem habebat ( = ut causam nullam, sic ne fidem quidem; cf.
sic),
Liv. 8, 27, 10; so Sall. J. 31, 16; id. H. 1, 41, 24 Dietsch; cf. Liv. 33, 17, 9; Sen. Q. N. 4, 13, 4. —
Negatively: non tam meapte causa Laetor quam illius,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 8:
nihil est quod tam obtundat elevetque aegritudinem... quam meditatio condicionis humanae,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 16, 34:
quae compararat non tam suae delectationis causa quam ad invitationes adventusque nostrorum hominum,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 83:
cujus me facti paenituit non tam propter periculum meum quam propter vitia multa quae,
id. Fam. 7, 3, 2:
qua nulla in re tam utor quam in hac civili et publica,
id. Att. 2, 17, 2:
neque eos tam istius hominis perditi subita laetitia quam hominis amplissimi nova gratulatio movebat,
id. Verr. 1, 8, 21:
Iliensibus Rhoeteum addiderunt, non tam ob recentia ulla merita quam originum memoria,
Liv. 38, 39, 10.—
(β).
Object-inff.:
qualis est istorum oratio qui omnia non tam esse quam videri volunt,
Cic. Ac. 2, 14, 44:
quid enim tam pugnat, quam non modo miserum, sed omnino quidquam esse qui non sit,
id. Tusc. 1, 7, 13:
virtute ipsa non tam multi praediti esse quam videri volunt,
id. Lael. 26, 98.—
(γ).
Subject-inff. or dependent clauses:
ego illud argentum tam paratum filio Scio esse, quam me hunc scipionem contui ( = tam scio, argentum paratum esse, quam scio me, etc.),
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 109:
Parmenonis tam scio esse hanc techinam quam me vivere,
Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 51:
tam teneor dono quam si dimittar onustus,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 18:
Acrisium Tam violasse deum quam non agnosse nepotem Paenitet,
Ov. M. 4, 613:
tam perdis operam cum illi irasceris, quam cum illum alteri precaris iratum,
Sen. Ira, 2, 30, 2.—Negatively (so most freq.):
nihil est quod tam deceat quam in omni re gerenda servare constantiam,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125:
eundum igitur est, nec tam ut belli quam ut fugae socii simus,
id. Att. 9, 2, a, 3:
nec tam quaerendum est, dolor malumne sit, quam firmandus animus ad dolorem ferendum,
id. Tusc. 2, 12, 28:
non tam ut prosim causis elaborare soleo, quam ut ne quid obsim,
id. Or. 2, 72, 295:
cum ego te non tam vitandi laboris mei causa quam quia tua id interesse arbitrarer, hortatus essem,
id. Top. 1, 2:
auxilia convenerant non tam Vejentium gratia concitata, quam quod in spem ventum erat, etc.,
Liv. 2, 44, 7:
Boji defecerunt, nec tam ob veteres in populum Romanum iras, quam quod, etc.,
id. 21, 25, 2. — So with causal clauses, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 24; id. Or. 3, 30, 119; id. Sest. 64, 135; Liv. 8, 19, 3. —
(δ).
With quam in adverb.-clause:
tam confido quam poti'st,
Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 1; and in Cicero's epistolary style, tam esse with predicative force (like ita esse, sic esse;
v. sic): atque ego haec tam esse quam audio non puto ( = tam male esse),
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 9.—
(ε).
Tam with a neg. is sometimes followed by sed with an independent clause, instead of a comp. clause:
quidam autem non tam id reprehendunt, si remissius agatur, sed tantum studium tamque multam operam ponendam in eo non arbitrantur,
Cic. Fin. 1, 1, 1 Madv. ad loc.; cf.:
quae (suaviloquentia) quidem non tam est in plerisque... sed est ea laus eloquentiae certe maxima,
id. Brut. 15, 58.—
D.
With esse and predic. noun:
tam ea est quam poti'st nostra erilis concubina,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 47:
equidem tam sum servos quam tu,
id. Capt. 3, 4, 11:
tam ego homo sum quam tu,
id. As. 2, 4, 83:
nam id nobis tam flagitium'st quam illa Non facere,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 68:
tam es tu judex quam ego senator,
Cic. Rab. Post. 7, 17:
tam sum amicus rei publicae quam qui maxime,
id. Fam. 5, 2, 6.—With prep. and its case as predicate:
tam hoc quidem tibi in proclivi quam imber quando pluit,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 86:
qui non defendit, nec obsistit, si potest, injuriae, tam est in vitio quam si parentes, etc., deserat,
Cic. Off. 1, 7, 23. —
Negatively: nihil est tam contra naturam quam turpitudo,
Cic. Off. 3, 8, 35. —
E.
With quasi in place of quam:
tam a me pudica est quasi soror mea sit,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 51. —
F.
Quam... tam with compp. = quanto... tanto or quo... eo (ante-class. and poet.): quam magis aerumna urget, tam magis ad malefaciendum viget, Enn. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 15 (Trag. Rel. v. 303 Vahl.):
quam magis adspecto, tam magis est nimbata,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 138:
magis quam id reputo, tam magis uror quae meus filius turbavit,
id. Bacch. 5, 1, 5:
quam magis te in altum capessis, tam aestus te in portum refert,
id. As. 1, 3, 6:
quo quaeque magis sunt aspera semina eorum, Tam magis in somnis eadem saevire necessust,
Lucr. 4, 999:
quae quanto magis inter se perplexa coibant, Tam magis expressa ea quae mare... efficerent,
id. 5, 453:
tam magis illa fremens et tristibus effera flammis, Quam magis effuso crudescunt sanguine pugnae,
Verg. A. 7, 787.—With quanto for quam:
quanto magis aetheris aestus cogebant terram, Tam magis, etc.,
Lucr. 5, 484. —With rel. adv. for quam:
verum ubicumque magis denso sunt agmine nubes, tam magis hinc... fremitus fit,
Lucr. 6, 99. — Ellips. of tam:
quam magis specto. minus placet mihi hominis facies,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 19.—
G.
Quam... tam with superll. = quanto... tanto or quo... eo (mostly anteclass.; cf.
the class.: ut quisque maxime... ita maxime): quam citissime conficies, tam maxime expediet,
Cato, R. R. 64 (65):
oleum quam diutissime in amurca erit, tam deterrimum erit,
id. ib. 64 (65):
quam acerbissima olea oleum facies, tam oleum optumum erit,
id. ib. 65 (66): quam plurimum [p. 1837] erit, tam citissime canus fiet, id. ib. 157 (158) med.:
quam ad probos propinquitate proxume te adjunxeris, tam optumum est,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 59:
quam maxime huic vana haec suspicio erit, tam facillime patris pacem in leges conficiet suas,
Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 44:
quam vos facillime agitis, quam estis maxume Potentes, dites, fortunati, nobiles: tam maxime vos aequo animo aequa noscere Oportet,
id. Ad. 3, 4, 56:
quam paucissimos reliqueris, tam optimi fiunt in alendo,
Varr. R. R. 2, 9:
quam quisque pessume fecit, tam maxume tutus est,
Sall. J. 31, 14. —
H.
With quam in immediate succession (to be distinguished from the conj. tamquam, as if):
nam, si a mare abstinuissem, tam quam hoc uterer ( = tam illo uterer quam hoc),
Plaut. Mil. 4, 7, 26:
tam quam proserpens bestia (iste) est bilinguis et scelestus ( = tam bilinguis quam, etc.),
id. Fers. 2, 4, 28: esne tu huic amicus? To. Tam quam di omnes qui caelum colunt, id. ib. 4, 4, 32: vide, homo ut hominem noveris. Sy. Tam quam me, id. Trin. 4, 2, 68: nostine? Da. Tam quam te, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 15 (for tam diu, with or without quam, quam diu, etc., v. tamdiu).
II.
With a comp. clause understood.
A.
With a comp. clause to be supplied from a preceding sentence:
quae faciliora sunt philosophis... quia tam graviter cadere non possunt (sc. quam alii),
Cic. Off. 1, 21, 73:
cur corporis curandi causa quaesita sit ars, animi autem medicina nec tam desiderata sit..., nec tam culta (i. e. quam corporis medicina),
id. Tusc. 3, 1, 1:
nihil umquam tam eleganter explicabunt (i. e. quam Plato),
id. ib. 1, 23, 55:
non conturbat me expectatio tua, etsi nihil est eis, qui placere volunt, tam adversarium,
id. Ac. 2, 4, 10:
sed ea (plebs) nequaquam tam laeta Quinctium vidit (i. e. quam ejus amici),
Liv. 3, 26, 12: nec minora consequi potuit (Maecenas);
sed non tam concupivit (sc. quam Agrippa),
Vell. 2, 88, 2: nec tibi tam longis opus est ambagibus usquam, nec me tam multam hic operam consumere par est (i. e. quam consumere opus sit, si haec tractare velim), Lucr 6, 1079; so, tam gratia est (colloq.) = non accipio, sed tam gratia est quam esset si acciperem, I thank you just as much; no, thank you:
bene vocas (ad prandium): tam gratia'st,
Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36: cenabis apud me. Ep. Locata'st opera nunc quidem:
tam gratia'st,
id. Stich. 3, 2, 18: quin tu, quidquid opus'st, audacter imperas? Ps. Tam gratia'st. Bene est tibi;
nolo tibi molestos esse nos,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 23 (in this formula, however, tam is explained by some as a shortened form for tamen; cf. Brix ad Plaut. Men. 386, and v. IV. infra).—
B.
With a general comp. clause understood ( = sic, ita), so ( so much) as I do, as you do, as he did, as I said before, as he is, as you are, etc.
1.
With adjj.: ut vos servem sedulo, quos tam grandi sim mercatus pecunia, have bought you at so high a price, i. e. as I have, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 8: qui nummi exciderunt quod terram sic obtuere? quid vos maestos tam tristisque conspicor? (sc. as I do, as you are), id. Bacch. 4, 4, 17:
equidem miror, tam catam, tam doctam te et bene eductam, non scire stulte facere,
id. Most. 1, 3, 29:
ordine cum videas tam certo multa creari,
Lucr. 5, 735:
deus ille fuit qui ista in tam tranquillo et tam clara luce locavit,
id. 5, 12:
quorsum igitur tam multa de voluptate?
Cic. Sen. 12, 44:
ut mihi quidem, qui tam magno animo fuerit innocens damnatus esse videatur,
id. Tusc. 1, 42, 100:
inter ista tam magnifica verba tamque praeclara,
id. Fin. 2, 23, 77:
quis est qui complet aures meas tantus et tam dulcis sonus?
as I hear, id. Rep. 6, 18, 18:
tollite hanc: nullam tam pravae sententiae causam reperietis,
id. Phil. 14, 1, 3: et tamen veremur ut hoc quod a tam multis perferatur natura patiatur? ( as it is, sc. suffered), id. Tusc. 2, 20, 46:
ut tam in praecipitem locum non debeat se sapiens committere,
id. Ac. 2, 21, 68:
tam necessario tempore, tam propinquis hostibus,
at so urgent a time as this, Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 6:
supra triginta quinque milia hostium fuerant, ex quibus tam exigua pars pugnae superfuit,
Liv. 39, 31, 14:
tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit,
Val. Max. 3, 7, 1: ceterum... ne tam praeclara lex... oblitteraretur, id. 2, 8, 1:
qui tam crudelem tyrannum occideret,
id. 3, 1, 2:
ne illo quidem tam misero tamque luctuoso tempore civitas nostra virtutis suae oblita est,
id. 3, 2, 7:
tam contraria est pestis,
Plin. 8, 38, 57, § 136:
tam parvo distat ibi tanta rerum naturae diversitas,
id. 5, 11, 12, § 65; so, tamne (cf. sicine):
tamne indignus videar?
Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 77.—And with sup.:
nondum erat vestris tam gravissimis tamque multis judiciis concisus,
of so great weight, Cic. Phil. 12, 5, 11.—
2.
With advv.:
alienus quom ejus incommodum tam aegre feras, quid me patrem par facere est?
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 37:
quid est negotii quod tu tam subito domo abeas?
id. Am. 1, 3, 4:
unde ego nunc tam subito huic argentum inveniam miser?
Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 1:
quia (anima cum corpore) tam conjuncta atque leniter apta'st,
Lucr. 5, 559:
jam mallem Cerberum metueres quam ista tam inconsiderata diceres,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:
ista tam aperte et per versa et falsa,
id. Ac. 2, 18, 60:
cum ex co quaereretur cur tam diu vellet esse in vita,
id. Sen. 5, 13:
me pudet tam cito de sententia esse dejectum,
id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:
etsi hoc quidem est in vitio, dissolutionem naturae tam valde perhorrescere,
id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:
an melius fuerit rationem non dari omnino, quam tam munifice et tam largiter,
as I have shown, id. N. D. 3, 27, 69:
nam quod jus civile tam vehementer amplexus es,
id. Or. 1, 55, 274:
quid tu, inquit, tam mane?
id. Rep. 1, 9, 14: cur hunc tam temere ( as mentioned before) quisquam ab officio discessurum judicaret? Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
quod sua victoria tam insolenter gloriarentur,
id. ib. 1, 14:
cum tam procul a finibus Macedoniae absint,
Liv. 39, 27, 6: non digna exempla quae tam breviter ( as I am going to do) nisi majoribus urgerer, referrentur, Val. Max. 2, 7, 5:
qualis esset quem tam diu tamque valde timuissent,
Nep. Eum. 11, 2; and with sup.: tam maturrime comparavisse, Cato ap. Charis. p. 184 P.—With adverb. abl.: tam crepusculo fere ut amant, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 77; cf.:
tam vesperi,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 15; v. III. B. 3. infra.—
3.
With verbs:
ut, ni meum gnatum tam amem, tua jam virgis latera lacerentur probe,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 5, 10:
quid, cedo, te, obsecro, tam abhorret hilaritudo?
id. Cist. 1, 1, 55:
quid tam properas?
id. Pers. 4, 6, 11:
cum te video nostrae familiae Tam ex animo factum velle ( = te tam velle nostrae familiae ex animo factum),
Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 21:
age, quaeso, ne tam obfirma te, Chreme,
id. Heaut. 5, 5, 8:
non pol temere'st quod tu tam times,
id. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 9: Sy. Eamus, namque hic properat in Cyprum. Sa. Ne tam quidem, implying a corresponding gesture, id. Ad. 2, 4, 14:
quam si explicavisset, non tam haesitaret,
i. e. as he does, Cic. Fin. 2, 6, 18.—Sometimes with an adv. to be supplied:
quid ergo hanc, quaeso, tractas tam ( = tam male, or implying a corresponding gesture),
Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 31:
Graecos in eo reprehendit quod mare tam secuti sunt ( = tam vulgo. or tam temere),
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 3; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 9; v. I. C. 2. d, supra. — With esse and predic. noun:
numquam ego te tam esse matulam credidi,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 72.—
4.
Preceded and strengthened by a demonstrative adjective (order: 1. demonstr., 2. tam, 3. adjective, 4. noun; or, 1. demonstr., 2. noun, 3. tam, 4. adjective).
(α).
After hic:
etiamne haec tam parva civitas, tam procul a manibus tuis remota, praedae tibi et quaestui fuit?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:
hunc hominem tam crudelem, tam sceleratum, tam nefarium nolunt judicare,
id. ib. 2, 2, 31, §
77: hunc tamen hominem tam audacem, tam nefarium, tam nocentem,
id. Clu. 14, 42:
haec mea oratio tam longa aut tam alte repetita,
id. Sest. 13, 31:
in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo,
id. Arch. 11, 28:
hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:
in hac tam clara re publica natus,
id. Rep. 1, 19, 31:
hanc rem publicam tam praeclare fundatam,
id. Par. 1, 2, 10:
haec tam crebra Etruriae concilia,
Liv. 5, 5, 8:
in his tam parvis atque tam nullis,
Plin. 11, 2, 1, § 2:
quorsum haec tam putida tendant,
Hor. S. 2, 7, 21:
hac tam prospera pugna nuntiata,
Curt. 3, 11, 16.—
(β).
After ille:
ille homo tam locuples, tam honestus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11: illud argentum tam praeclarum ac tam nobile, id. ib. 2, 4, 20, §
44: illud tam grave bellum,
Val. Max. 5, 6, ext. 1:
ne illo quidem tam misero tamque luctuoso tempore,
id. 3, 2, 7.—
(γ).
After iste:
tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?
Cic. N. D. 1, 29, 81:
ista admonitio tua tam accurata,
id. Att. 6, 1, 20:
quae est ista tam infesta ira?
Liv. 7, 30, 15:
iste tam justus hostis, tam misericors victor,
Curt. 4, 10, 34.—
(δ).
After id ipsum:
id ipsum tam mite ac tam moderatum imperium,
Liv. 1, 48, 9.—
(ε).
After tot:
jacere necesse sit tot tam nobiles disciplinas,
Cic. Ac. 2, 48, 147:
tot tam valida oppida,
Liv. 5, 54, 5:
tot tam opulenti tyranni regesque,
id. 25, 24, 13:
inter tot tam effrenatarum gentium arma,
id. 21, 9, 3:
tot tam praeclaris imperatoribus uno bello absumptis,
id. 28, 28, 12; 25, 27, 13; 26, 13, 17; cf.:
cum tot ac tam validae eluctandae manus essent,
id. 24, 26, 13; 8, 12, 4.—
(ζ).
After hic talis:
da operam ut hunc talem, tam jucundum, tam excellentem virum videas,
Cic. Fam. 16, 21, 3.
III.
As demonstr. adv. of intensity, correlative with ut, that, and its equivalents (qui, quin); so only with adjj. and advv. (not with verbs).
A.
Without a negation ( = ita, adeo;
rare before the Aug. period): ni erit tam sincerum (tergum), ut quivis dicat ampullarius Optumum esse operi faciundo corium et sincerissimum,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 51:
quae (maturitas) mihi tam jucunda est ut, quo propius ad mortem accedam, quasi terram videre videar,
Cic. Sen. 19, 71. de qua tam variae sunt doctissimorum hominum sententiae, ut magno argumento esse debeat, etc., id. N. D. 1, 1, 1:
ad eum pervenit tam opportuno tempore, ut simul Domitiani exercitus pulvis cerneretur, et primi antecursores Scipionis viderentur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 36:
tam parandus ad dimicandum animus, ut, etc.,
id. B. G. 2, 21:
tamen tam evidens numen rebus adfuit Romanis, ut putem, etc.,
Liv. 5, 51, 4: infimam plebem natura ipsa tam abjecto tamque imo loco collocavit ut nulla ratione erigi aut sublevari possit, Ps.-Cic. Cons. 6, 22:
tam multa sunt, tamque misera quae perferunt ut nemo sit quin mori saepissime cupiat,
id. ib. 16, 59:
quem constat tam certa acie luminum usum esse ut a Lilybaeo portu Carthaginienses egredientes classes intueretur,
Val. Max. 1, 8, ext. 14:
tam alacri animo suos ad id proelium cohortatus est ut diceret: Sic prandete, etc.,
id. 3, 2, ext. 3:
in Theophrasto tam est loquendi nitor ille divinus ( = tam divinus est) ut ex eo nomen quoque traxisse videatur,
Quint. 10, 1, 83:
(Scipio) bellum in Africam transtulit, tam lentus ut opinionem luxuriae segnitiaeque malignis daret,
Sen. Ira, 1, 11, 6; id. Q. N. 1, 15, 5:
3, 21, 1: tam parvulis in faucibus... ut non sit dubium, etc.,
Plin. 10, 29, 43, § 82:
ipsum Macedonem tam graviter palma percussit ut paene concideret,
Plin. Ep. 3, 14, 7.—
B.
With a negation, or in a question implying a negation.
1.
Before ut (very freq. in the class. period; cf. adeo, poet., e.g. Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 39):
numquam tam dices commode ut tergum meum Tuam in fidem committam,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 33:
non tam viva tamen, calidus queat ut fieri fons,
Lucr. 6, 887:
quis umquam praedo fuit tam nefarius, quis pirata tam barbarus ut, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:
non sum tam stultus, ut te usura falsi gaudii frui velim,
id. Fam. 6, 12, 1:
nec, cum id faciebamus tam eramus amentes ut explorata nobis esset victoria,
id. ib. 6, 1, 3:
non essem tam inurbanus ac paene inhumanus uti in eo gravarer quod vos cupere sentirem,
id. Or. 2, 90, 365:
non puto tam expeditum negotium futurum ut non habeat aliquid morae,
id. Att. 13, 31, 1:
nec vero eram tam indoctus ignarusque rerum ut frangerer animo propter, etc.,
id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:
quis tam demens ut sua voluntate maereat?
id. Tusc. 3, 29, 71; so id. Off. 3, 20, 82; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; id. Phil. 3, 4, 10:
non enim proferremus vino oppressos... tam absurde, ut tum diceremus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 17, 53:
non se tam barbarum ut non sciret, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44, 17:
nulli sunt tam feri et sui juris affectus ut non disciplina perdomentur,
Sen. Ira, 2, 12, 3:
nemo tam divos habuit faventes, crastinum ut posset sibi polliceri,
id. Thyest. 619.—
2.
With a negation (esp. nemo), followed by qui ( = ut is; class. and freq.); nec quisquam sit tam opulentus qui mihi obsistat in via, [p. 1838] Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 5:
generi lenonio Numquam deus ullus tam benignus fuit, qui fuerit propitius,
id. Pers. 4, 4, 34:
an ille tam esset stultus qui mihi mille nummum crederet?
id. Trin. 4, 2, 42:
nemo inventus est tam amens, qui illud argentum tam praeclarum ac tam nobile eriperet, nemo tam audax qui posceret, nemo tam impudens qui postularet ut venderet,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 44:
nemo Agrigenti neque aetate tam affecta neque viribus tam infirmis fuit, qui non illa nocte surrexerit,
id. ib. 2, 4, 43, §
95: nemo est tam senex qui se annum non putet posse vivere,
id. Sen. 7, 24:
nihil tam absurde dici potest, quod non dicatur ab aliquo philosophorum,
id. Div. 2, 58, 119:
nulla gens tam immanis umquam fuit in qua tam crudelis hostis patriae sit inventus,
id. Sull. 27, 76:
quae est anus tam delira quae timeat ista?
id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48:
ecquem tam amentem esse putas qui illud quo vescatur deum esse credat?
id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:
sed neque tam docti tum erant, ad quorum judicium elaboraret, et sunt, etc.,
id. Fin. 1, 3, 7; so id. Sen. 19, 67; id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Tusc. 1, 6, 11; 1, 15, 33; 2, 17, 41; id. Sest. 14, 32; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Fam. 9, 2, 2; id. Off. 2, 5, 16:
neque tam remisso animo quisquam fuit qui ea nocte conquierit,
Caes. B. C. 1, 21:
in bello nihil tam leve est quod non magnae interdum rei momentum faciat,
Liv. 25, 18, 3:
ut nemo tam humilis esset cui non aditus ad eum pateret,
Nep. Milt. 8, 4:
ecquid esse tam saevum potest quod superet illum?
Sen. Thyest. 196. —
3.
With a negation, followed by quin ( = ut is non;
class. and freq.): nec sacrum nec tam profanum quidquam est quin ibi ilico adsit,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 27:
nihil mihi tam parvi est quin me id pigeat perdere,
id. Pers. 4, 6, 8:
nec quisquam est tam ingenio duro, neque tam firmo pectore quin sibi faciat bene,
id. As. 5, 2, 94:
numquam tam mane egredior, neque tam vesperi Domum revortor, quin te... conspicer Fodere,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 15:
nil tam difficile'st quin quaerendo investigari possiet,
id. ib. 4, 2, 8:
ut nullus umquam dies tam magna tempestate fuerit, quin... solem homines viderint,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26:
numquam tam male est Siculis quin aliquid facete et commode dicant,
id. ib. 2, 4, 43, §
95: nemo est tam afflictus quin possit navare aliquid et efficere,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 7:
ut nemo tam ferus fuerit, quin ejus causam lacrimarit,
Nep. Alcib. 6, 4.
IV.
Tam, ante-class., sometimes = tamen:
antiqui tam etiam pro tamen usi sunt,
Fest. p. 360: bene cum facimus, tam male cupimus...; quamquam estis nihili, tam ecastor simul vobis consului, Titin. ap. Fest. l. l.; so,
etsi illi aliter nos faciant quam aequom sit, tam pol noxiae nequid magis sit... nostrum officium meminisse decet,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 44 Fleck., Ritschl:
tam si nihil usus esset, jam non dicerem,
id. Merc. 4, 3, 32 Ritschl; v. Prol. Trin. p. 14 ib.; Brix ad Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36; Curt. in Rhein. Mus. 6, 84; 6, 93; but cf. contra, Corss. Beitr. p. 272 sqq.
V.
In the dialect of Praeneste: tam modo, just now ( = modo): ilico hic ante ostium;
Tam modo, inquit Praenestinus,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 8 Brix ad loc.; cf. Fest. s. v. tammodo, p. 359; Ritschl, opusc. 2, 372.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tam
20 Cum

1.
cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
I.
In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:
qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:
cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:
semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:
quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:
cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:
si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:
vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:
errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:
qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—
b.
In an expression of displeasure:
in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—
B.
In a designation of time with which some action concurs:
egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,
cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:
cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:
cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:
cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:
pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:
pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:
cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:
mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:
simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:
et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—
C.
In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:
cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:
cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:
cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:
cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:
cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:
ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:
multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:
hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:
orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:
si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,
cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:
cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:
cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:
cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:
summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:
maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:
cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:
cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:
Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:
illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:
cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:
cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:
cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:
cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:
cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:
cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:
cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:
legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:
spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—
b.
Attributively, with subst.:
et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:
frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—
2.
Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).
(α).
Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,
cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:
sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—
(β).
With ut:
Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —
(γ).
With ne:
obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:
cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—
3.
Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:
cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:
agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,
cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—
4.
Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:
ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,
cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:
cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:
cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
D.
With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:
cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:
cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:
cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:
terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.
II.
In partic.
A.
Completing the meaning of verbs.
1.
With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:
ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:
(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:
interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:
quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:
hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:
foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:
capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:
cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:
stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:
conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:
Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—
2.
Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:
cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:
quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:
nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:
cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:
cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:
cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:
partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:
cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.
of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:
duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—
3.
Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:
cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:
cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:
si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:
si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:
tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:
uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:
pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—
4.
Of deliberation and discussion:
haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:
tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—
5.
Of strife, difference, etc.:
quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:
cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:
neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:
cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:
cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:
manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:
utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:
cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:
cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:
cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:
inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:
cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:
cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—
6.
Of comparison:
nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:
hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:
conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:
(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—
B.
Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:
hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):
a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:
cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:
olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:
arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:
fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:
onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:
cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;
so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:
ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;
so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:
inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:
vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:
simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §
109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:
cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.
Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:
te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:
ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:
cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—
C.
With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;
v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:
quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:
Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—
D.
In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.
► a.
Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:
quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:
his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:
adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—
b.
Before et... et, connecting two substt.:
cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.
III.
In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—
B.
It designates,
1.
A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—
2.
The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.
2.
Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
I.
Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
A.
In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
1.
The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
a.
Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:
facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:
cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:
cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:
quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. (rare):
ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):
haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:
qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:
(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:
nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
b.
With logical perf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:
gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:
cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:
cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:
(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:
quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
(γ).
With two logical perff. (rare):
cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:
quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:
etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
(β).
With principal predicate in pres.:
in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:
nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. indic.:
cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:
cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:
qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in fut. imper.:
cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
(δ).
With two fut. perff.:
cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
e.
In partic.
(α).
In definitions with pres, indic.:
humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:
purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
(β).
Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:
in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:
qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:
etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:
cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
(γ).
Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:
sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
2.
With subj. referring to indefinite time.
a.
With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).
(α).
With pres. subj.:
acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:
quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:
difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:
etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
(β).
With perf. subj.:
difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:
quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
b.
In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
c.
In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):
saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
d.
When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
e.
If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:
caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:
quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
3.
Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:
formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:
quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:
si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
a.
Cum with pres. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:
potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:
equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:
quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:
quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,
often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:
nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:
quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —
(β).
With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):
Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:
sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
b.
Cum with logical perf. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):
at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:
sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. perf.:
cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in imper. fut.:
mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
(δ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—
(ε).
In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:
cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):
quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:
cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:
oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
4.
With subj. in definite time.
a.
Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—
b.
Sometimes by attraction:
curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:
non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
c.
In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
B.
In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.
1.
With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:
portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:
quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:
quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):
audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:
haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:
cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:
Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:
eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:
Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
2.
With pluperf. indic.
a.
Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:
idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:
Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
b.
If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
c.
If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:
nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:
cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
3.
If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
a.
With pluperf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:
cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:
(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:
cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
(β).
With principal predicate in perf. indic.:
Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
b.
With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:
cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:
cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
4.
In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
(α).
When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):
Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
(β).
Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:
(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:
cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
(γ).
When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:
qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
5.
For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
C.
In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:
quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;
where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:
cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:
cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;
also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
1.
Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
a.
The clause expressing a momentary action:
posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:
non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:
in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:
per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:
cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:
tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;
6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;
9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:
accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:
jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:
Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:
ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:
effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:
tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
b.
If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):
in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:
ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:
nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:
non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
c.
With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:
ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
d.
With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:
ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:
me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:
itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:
haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:
cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:
Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
2.
With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
a.
The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:
set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:
haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:
eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:
cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:
cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;
45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:
beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:
bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:
pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
b.
The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):
cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
3.
The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
a.
Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
(α).
Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:
eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:
alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):
qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:
qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:
res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:
Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):
Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:
non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:
etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):
cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:
hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):
desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:
sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:
illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:
num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,
fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:
cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,
equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:
cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:
cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:
cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:
res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;
sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:
cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:
tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—
(β).
The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:
antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:
Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:
Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:
cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:
cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—
(γ).
If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:
tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:
cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:
Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:
ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,
according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;
contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —
(δ).
In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:
nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:
ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:
nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):
similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:
nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:
casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:
Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:
cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:
cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):
cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:
cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:
tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):
cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—
b.
If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter
(α).
In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:
res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:
quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:
o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;
44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):
cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:
cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:
cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—
(β).
With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):
magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:
armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):
cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:
an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:
tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:
quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:
sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:
quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:
consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:
haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:
Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:
itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:
Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):
cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;
so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:
Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:
Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:
Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:
proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):
ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:
cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:
cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:
cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:
cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:
cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:
cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:
cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:
L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:
cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:
cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:
haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;
so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):
Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:
Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:
impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:
cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:
cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:
cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—
(γ).
In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:
illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:
cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:
cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:
cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):
ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:
cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:
sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:
cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.
D.
In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.
1.
The predicate in present:
amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:
bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:
quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—
2.
With fut. (rare):
cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—
3.
With fut. perf. (rare):
quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—
4.
With perf.:
fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:
loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—
5.
With histor. pres.:
Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—
6.
With imperf.:
cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—
7.
Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;
very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—
8.
With pluperf. (very rare):
exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—
* 9.
Pluperf. and imperf.:
quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—
10.
Imperf. subj. (post-class.):
tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—
11.
Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:
illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.
E.
In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.
1.
Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
a.
The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:
jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—
(β).
With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:
erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—
(γ).
With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:
fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:
fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):
fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—
(δ).
With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:
quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:
ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—
b.
Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.:
incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:
longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—
(β).
With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:
atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:
memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:
illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;
Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:
patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—
(γ).
With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:
accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:
numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:
haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:
eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—
c.
Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:
Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:
omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):
posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—
2.
The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.
a.
With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.
(α).
With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):
hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:
anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—
(β).
With ordinals:
vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—
(γ).
With diu:
jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—
b.
Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:
quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —
c.
With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:
permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—
d.
With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:
dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:
unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—
3.
The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.
a.
With cardinals.
(α).
Time in acc. (ante-class.):
annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—
(β).
With nom.:
nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—
b.
With diu or dudum:
nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—
c.
Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:
omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —
4.
In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
a.
Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
(α).
Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:
dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—
b.
Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
(α).
Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:
non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:
jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:
vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—
(δ).
Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—
(ε).
Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—
(ζ).
Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—
(η).
Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—
(θ).
Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—
(κ).
With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):
quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:
jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—
5.
In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
a.
When, on an occasion, on which, etc.
(α).
With perf. indic.:
Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—
(β).
With imperf. indic.:
num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—
(γ).
Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):
nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—
(δ).
Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—
(ε).
So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:
sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—
b.
Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).
(α).
With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:
fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,
cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—
(β).
With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—
6.
Cum interea (interim).
a.
Adverbial (rare).
(α).
Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—
(β).
Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:
simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:
cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—
b.
Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,
(α).
To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:
anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—
(β).
To the inverted clauses (4.):
tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—
(γ).
To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:
post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.
F.
In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
1.
After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).
a.
Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
(α).
With indic.:
nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:
conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—
(β).
With subj.:
is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:
vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—
b.
After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:
L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
c.
After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):
memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:
memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:
memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
2.
After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).
a.
Verbs of thanking:
habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:
tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—
b.
Of congratulation:
quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—
c.
Of rejoicing and grieving:
quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:
cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—
d.
Dependent on optative sentences:
di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.
G.
Elliptical usages (without predicate).
1.
Cum maxime.
a.
With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:
etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,
b.
By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:
nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:
quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:
castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—
2.
Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):
foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:
cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:
cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.
H.
For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.
II.
Causal, since, because, as.
A.
Anteclass., chiefly with indic.
1.
With pres. indic.:
hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:
edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—
2.
With perf. indic.:
praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—
3.
With subj.
a.
By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—
b.
Independent of such construction:
jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;
Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.
Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:
cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:
quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:
quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—
2.
With perf. subj.:
cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—
3.
With imperf. subj.
a.
Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:
vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:
cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—
b.
Denoting cause without time:
cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:
quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.
C.
With adverbs of emphasis.
1.
Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:
quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:
cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:
cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—
2.
Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:
nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:
numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:
omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—
3.
Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:
me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.
III.
Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., chiefly,
1.
With indic.:
hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—
2.
Subj.
a.
By construction of principal predicate:
tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—
b.
Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):
eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:
et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—
2.
With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:
indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—
3.
With imperf. subj.:
ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:
hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:
eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.
IV.
Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., mostly with indic.
1.
Indic.:
qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—
2.
With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
Pres. subj.:
testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:
nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—
2.
Imperf. subj.:
ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:
non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,
quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—
3.
With pluperf. subj.:
cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:
patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.
V.
In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
1.
With imperf. subj.:
quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:
etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—
2.
With pluperf. subj.:
quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:
mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Cum

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

Ira Schneider — (* 2. März 1939 in New York City, USA) ist ein amerikanischer Fotograf, Video , Installations und Medienkünstler. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 … Deutsch Wikipedia
Ira Malaniuk — (January 29, 1923, Stanyslaviv (now Ivano Frankivsk Ukraine) is an Austrian operatic contralto of Ukrainian birth, who sang a wide range of roles from Mozart to contemporary works.She studied first in Lviv with Adam Didur, and later in Vienna… … Wikipedia
Ira Aldridge — als Mungo in The Padlock, 1820er oder 1830er Jahre Ira Aldridge (* 24. Juli 1807 in New York; † 7. August 1867 in Łódź, Polen) war einer der bedeutendsten afroamerikanischen Schauspieler seiner Zeit. Aldridge sollte wie sein Vater Missionar werde … Deutsch Wikipedia
Ira Malaniuk — (Stanyslaviv, 29 janvier 1923 Graz, 27 février 2009) est une contralto autrichienne d origine ukrainienne. Biographie Elle étudie d abord à Lviv avec Adam Didur, puis à Vienne avec Anna Bahr Mildenburg. Elle débute en 1945 à Graz. Elle se joint à … Wikipédia en Français
îra — interj. (pop.; rostit cu î prelungit) Exclamaţie care exprimă mirare, uimire, ciudă etc. [var.: ắra interj.] – Onomatopee. Trimis de valeriu, 25.04.2003. Sursa: DEX 98 îra interj. Trimis de siveco, 10.08.2004. Sursa: Dicţionar ortografic … Dicționar Român
IRA — (Del lat. ira, cólera.) ► sustantivo femenino 1 Estado de ánimo de enfado muy violento en el que se pierde el control sobre sí mismo: ■ se dejó llevar por la ira y golpeó la mesa. SINÓNIMO cólera ANTÓNIMO calma 2 Furia de los elementos de la… … Enciclopedia Universal
Ira — (Del lat. ira, cólera.) ► sustantivo femenino 1 Estado de ánimo de enfado muy violento en el que se pierde el control sobre sí mismo: ■ se dejó llevar por la ira y golpeó la mesa. SINÓNIMO cólera ANTÓNIMO calma 2 Furia de los elementos de la… … Enciclopedia Universal
IRA — abbr. Irish Republican Army. * * * noun 1. a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland • Syn: ↑Irish… … Useful english dictionary
ira — abbr. Irish Republican Army. * * * noun belligerence aroused by a real or supposed wrong (personified as one of the deadly sins) • Syn: ↑wrath, ↑anger, ↑ire • Derivationally related forms: ↑angry (for: ↑anger), ↑ … Useful english dictionary
The Green Book (IRA training manual) — The IRA Green Book is a training and induction manual issued by the Irish Republican Army to new volunteers. It was used by the post Irish Civil War Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Cumann na mBan, ( League of Women ), along with offspring… … Wikipedia
Carrie: la ira — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda The Rage: Carrie 2 Título Carrie 2 La Ira / The Rage: Carrie 2 Ficha técnica Dirección Brian De Palma Dirección artística Brandt Gordon Prod … Wikipedia Español

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

(ira etc)

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

(ira etc)

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: